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Hōʻike i kahi carousel o ʻekolu paheʻe i ka manawa hoʻokahi.E hoʻohana i nā pihi Mua a me Next no ka neʻe ʻana i ʻekolu paheʻe i ka manawa, a i ʻole e hoʻohana i nā pihi paheʻe ma ka hopena e neʻe i ʻekolu mau paheʻe i ka manawa.
Pono ka hopu kalapona a me ka mālama ʻana no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā pahuhopu o ka ʻaelike Paris.ʻO Photosynthesis ka ʻenehana kūlohelohe no ka hopu ʻana i ke kalapona.No ka hoʻoikaika ʻana mai nā lichens, ua hoʻomohala mākou i kahi 3D cyanobacteria photosynthetic biocomposite (ʻo ia hoʻi ka mimicking lichen) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polymer latex acrylic i hoʻopili ʻia i kahi ʻōhuʻu loofah.ʻO ka nui o ka lawe ʻana o CO2 e ka biocomposite he 1.57 ± 0.08 g CO2 g-1 o ka biomass d-1.Hoʻokumu ʻia ka nui o ka lawe ʻana ma luna o ka biomass maloʻo i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻokolohua a me ka CO2 i hoʻohana ʻia no ka ulu ʻana i ka biomass hou a me ka CO2 i loko o nā pūhui mālama e like me nā carbohydrates.He 14-20 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā ana hoʻomalu slurry a hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia e hopu i 570 t CO2 t-1 biomass i kēlā me kēia makahiki-1, e like me 5.5-8.17 × 106 heka o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāina, e wehe ana i ka 8-12 GtCO2. CO2 i kēlā me kēia makahiki.ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, bioenergy nahele me ka hopu kalapona a me ka waiho ʻana he 0.4–1.2 × 109 ha.Ua hoʻomau ka biocomposite i ka hana no nā pule he 12 me ka ʻole o nā meaʻai hou a i ʻole ka wai, a ma hope iho ua hoʻopau ʻia ka hoʻokolohua.I loko o ke kūlana ʻenehana lehulehu o ke kanaka no ka hakakā ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau, ʻike ʻia nā biocomposites cyanobacterial i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hiki ke hoʻomau a hoʻonui ʻia e hoʻonui i ka wehe ʻana o CO2 ʻoiai e hōʻemi ana i ka wai, nā meaʻai a me ka hoʻohana ʻāina.
He mea hoʻoweliweli maoli ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau i nā ʻano olaola honua, kūpaʻa kaiaolaola a me nā kānaka.No ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i kona hopena maikaʻi loa, pono nā papahana decarburization i hoʻonohonoho ʻia a me ka nui, a, ʻoiaʻiʻo, pono kekahi ʻano o ka wehe pololei ʻana i nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo mai ka lewa.Me ka decarbonization maikaʻi o ka uila generation2,3, i kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe hopena ʻenehana hoʻokele waiwai e hōʻemi i ke kalapona kalapona (CO2)4, ʻoiai ke holomua nei ka hopu ʻana i ke kinoea.Ma kahi o nā hoʻonā ʻenekinia hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia a kūpono hoʻi, pono e huli nā kānaka i nā ʻenekini kūlohelohe no ka hopu kalapona - photosynthetic organisms (phototrophic organisms).ʻO Photosynthesis ka ʻenehana hoʻopaʻa kalapona o ke ʻano, akā hiki ke hoʻohuli i ka hoʻonui kalapona anthropogenic i nā unahi manawa kūpono, ʻaʻole pono nā enzymes, a ʻo kona hiki ke kau i nā unahi kūpono.ʻO kahi ala kūpono no ka phototrophy ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā kumulāʻau no ka bioenergy me ka hopu kalapona a me ka mālama ʻana (BECCS) ma ke ʻano he ʻenehana hoʻokuʻu ʻino ʻole e hiki ke kōkua i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o CO21.Eia naʻe, no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka pahuhana wela o ka ʻaelike Paris he 1.5°C me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka BECCS ma ke ʻano nui e pono ai ka 0.4 a i ka 1.2 × 109 ha, e like me 25-75% o ka ʻāina hoʻoulu honua i kēia manawa6.Eia kekahi, ʻo ka maopopo ʻole e pili ana i nā hopena honua o ka hoʻomomona ʻana o CO2 ke nīnau nei i ka pono holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa o nā mea kanu ulu lāʻau7.Inā makemake mākou e hōʻea i nā pahuhopu wela i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka ʻaelike Paris, pono e hoʻoneʻe ʻia 100 kekona o GtCO2 o nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo (GGR) mai ka lewa i kēlā me kēia makahiki.Ua hoʻolaha aku nei ke Keʻena ʻImiʻi a me nā Hana Hou o UK i ke kālā no nā papahana GGR8 ʻelima e pili ana i ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka ʻāina peat, hoʻonui ʻia i ka wā pōhaku, kanu lāʻau, biochar a me nā mea kanu mau e hānai i ke kaʻina hana BECCS.ʻO nā kumukūʻai o ka lawe ʻana aku ma mua o 130 MtCO2 mai ka lewa i kēlā me kēia makahiki he 10-100 US$/tCO2, 0.2-8.1 MtCO2 i kēlā me kēia makahiki no ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana i ka ʻāina peat, 52-480 US$/tCO2 a me 12-27 MtCO2 i kēlā me kēia makahiki no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā pōhaku. , 0.4-30 USD / makahiki.tCO2, 3.6 MtCO2/yr, 1% hoʻonui i ka ulu lāʻau, 0.4-30 US$/tCO2, 6-41 MtCO2/yr, biochar, 140-270 US$/tCO2, 20 –70 Mt CO2 i kēlā me kēia makahiki no nā mea kanu mau e hoʻohana ana. BECCS9.
ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o kēia mau ala hiki ke hōʻea i ka 130 Mt CO2 i kēlā me kēia makahiki, akā kiʻekiʻe nā kumukūʻai o ka wā pōhaku a me ka BECCS, a ʻo ka biochar, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi a me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i ka ʻāina, pono e hānai i ke kaʻina hana biochar.hāʻawi i kēia hoʻomohala a me ka helu e kau i nā ʻenehana GGR ʻē aʻe.
Ma kahi o ka ʻimi ʻana i nā hoʻonā ma ka ʻāina, e ʻimi i ka wai, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā phototroph hoʻokahi-cell e like me microalgae a me cyanobacteria10.Hoʻopaʻa nā algae (me ka cyanobacteria) ma kahi o 50% o ka carbon dioxide o ka honua, ʻoiai he 1% wale nō o ka biomass o ka honua11.ʻO Cyanobacteria nā biogeoeengineers kumu maoli, e waiho ana i ke kumu no ka metabolism hanu a me ka ulu ʻana o ke ola multicellular ma o ka photosynthesis12 oxygenic.ʻAʻole hou ka manaʻo o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cyanobacteria e hopu i ke kalapona, akā ʻo nā ʻano hana hou o ka hoʻokomo kino e wehe i nā ʻike hou no kēia mau meaola kahiko.
ʻO nā loko iʻa a me nā photobioreactors nā waiwai paʻa i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i ka microalgae a me ka cyanobacteria no nā hana ʻoihana.Hoʻohana kēia mau ʻōnaehana moʻomeheu i kahi moʻomeheu hoʻokuʻu ʻia kahi e lana manuahi ai nā cell i kahi ʻano ulu14;akā naʻe, loaʻa nā loko a me nā photobioreactors i nā pōʻino he nui e like me ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka hoʻoili nui ʻana o CO2, ka hoʻohana ikaika ʻana i ka ʻāina a me ka wai, hiki ke hoʻololi i ka biofouling, a me nā kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe a me ka hana 15,16.ʻO nā bioreactors biofilm ʻaʻole hoʻohana i nā moʻomeheu hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ke ʻano o ka wai a me ke ākea, akā aia i ka pōʻino o ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka biofilm (a no laila ka nalowale ʻana o ka biomass ikaika), a ua like like me ka biofouling17.
Pono nā ala hou e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka lawe ʻana o CO2 a hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia e kaupalena ana i ka slurry a me ka biofilm reactors.ʻO kekahi o ia ala ʻo ia nā biocomposites photosynthetic i hoʻoulu ʻia e nā lichens.He paʻakikī ka lichens o nā haʻani a me nā photobionts (microalgae a/a i ʻole cyanobacteria) e uhi ana ma kahi o 12% o ka ʻāina o ka Honua18.Hāʻawi nā haʻani i ke kākoʻo kino, palekana, a me ka heleuma ʻana o ka substrate photobiotic, a ʻo ia hoʻi ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā fungi me ke kalapona (e like me nā huahana photosynthetic keu).ʻO ka biocomposite i manaʻo ʻia he "lichen mimetic", kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ka heluna nui o cyanobacteria ma ke ʻano o kahi biocoating lahilahi ma kahi substrate lawe.Ma waho aʻe o nā pūnaewele, aia ka biocoating i kahi matrix polymer e hiki ke pani i ka haʻiki.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā emulsions polymer e pili ana i ka wai a i ʻole "latexes" no ka mea he biocompatible, lōʻihi, kūʻai ʻole, maʻalahi ke lawelawe a loaʻa i ke kālepa19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26.
Hoʻopili nui ʻia ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā cell me nā polymers latex e ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka latex a me ke kaʻina hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni.ʻO ka polimerization emulsion he kaʻina like ʻole i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka lāʻau synthetic, nā uhi hoʻopili, nā mea hoʻopaʻa paʻa, nā mea hoʻohui paʻa, nā pepa a me nā uhi lole, a me nā pena latex27.Loaʻa iā ia ka nui o nā pono ma luna o nā ʻano polymerization ʻē aʻe, e like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hopena a me ka hoʻololi monomer pono, a me ka maʻalahi o ka mana o ka huahana27,28.ʻO ke koho ʻana o nā monomers ma muli o nā waiwai i makemake ʻia o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni polymer i loaʻa, a no nā ʻōnaehana monomer hui ʻia (ʻo ia hoʻi, copolymerizations), hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā waiwai o ka polymer ma ke koho ʻana i nā lakio like ʻole o nā monomers i hoʻokumu i ka mea polymer hopena.ʻO Butyl acrylate a me styrene kekahi o nā monomers latex acrylic maʻamau a hoʻohana ʻia ma aneʻi.Eia hou, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā mea hoʻohuihui (eg Texanol) no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ke ʻano kiʻiʻoniʻoni like ʻole kahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻololi i nā waiwai o ka polymer latex e hana i kahi uhi ikaika a "hoʻomau" (coalescing).I kā mākou haʻawina hōʻoia-o-manaʻo mua, ua hana ʻia kahi ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe, kiʻekiʻe porosity 3D biocomposite me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pena latex kalepa i hoʻopili ʻia i kahi ʻōhuʻu loofah.Ma hope o ka lōʻihi a me ka hoʻomau ʻana (ʻewalu pule), ua hōʻike ka biocomposite i ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i ka cyanobacteria ma ka scaffold loofah no ka mea ua nāwaliwali ka ulu ʻana o ka cell i ka paʻa o ka latex.Ma ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa, manaʻo mākou e hoʻomohala i kahi ʻano o nā polymers latex acrylic o ka kemika ʻike no ka hoʻohana mau ʻana i nā noi hopu kalapona me ka ʻole o ka kaumaha ʻana i ka polymer degradation.I ka hana ʻana pēlā, ua hōʻike mākou i ka hiki ke hana i nā mea lichen-like polymer matrix e hāʻawi i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana biological a me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana i ka elasticity mechanical i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā biocomposites i hōʻoia ʻia.ʻO ka hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻana e hoʻolalelale i ka lawe ʻana o nā biocomposites no ka hopu kalapona, ʻoiai ke hui pū ʻia me ka cyanobacteria metabolically hoʻololi ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana CO2.
ʻEiwa latexes me ʻekolu polymer formulations (H = "paʻakikī", N = "maʻamau", S = "ʻoluʻolu") a me nā ʻano ʻekolu o Texanol (0, 4, 12% v / v) i hoʻāʻo ʻia no ka ʻona a me ka hoʻopili ʻana.Hoʻopili.mai ʻelua cyanobacteria.Ua hoʻoikaika nui ka ʻano Latex iā S. elongatus PCC 7942 (Shirer-Ray-Hare test, latex: DF=2, H=23.157, P=<0.001) a me CCAP 1479/1A (ʻelua ala ANOVA, latex: DF=2, F = 103.93, P = <0.001) (Fig. 1a).ʻAʻole i hoʻololi nui ka manaʻo o ka texanol i ka uluʻana o S. elongatus PCC 7942,ʻo N-latex wale nō ka meaʻawaʻawaʻole (Fig. 1a), a me 0 N a me 4 N i mālama i ka uluʻana o 26% a me 35%, i kēlā me kēia (Mann- Whitney U. i ka mana olaola (Mann-Whitney University, 12 N vs. control: W = 17.0, P = 0.885).No ka S. elongatus CCAP 1479/1A, he mau mea ko'iko'i ka hui 'ana o ka latex a me ka ho'oku'i 'ana o ka texanol, a ua 'ike 'ia ka pilina ko'iko'i ma waena o nā mea 'elua ('elua ala ANOVA, latex: DF=2, F=103.93, P=<0.001, Texanol. : DF=2, F=5.96, P=0.01, Latex*Texanol: DF=4, F=3.41, P=0.03).ʻO 0 N a me nā latex "māmā" āpau i hāpai i ka ulu ʻana (Fig. 1a).Loaʻa ka manaʻo e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ulu ʻana me ka emi ʻana o ka haku mele styrene.
ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka cyanobacteria (Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 a me CCAP 1479/1A) i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka latex, ka pilina me ka mahana hoʻololi aniani (Tg) a me ka matrix hoʻoholo e pili ana i ka ʻikepili a me ka ʻikepili pili.(a) Ua hana ʻia ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka ʻona me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa o ka pākēneka o ka ulu ʻana o ka cyanobacteria maʻamau e kāohi i nā moʻomeheu hoʻokuʻu.ʻOkoʻa loa nā lāʻau lapaʻau i kaha ʻia me * mai nā mana.(b) ʻIkepili ulu Cyanobacteria me ka Tg latex (mean ± SD; n = 3).(c) ʻO ka helu kumulative o cyanobacteria i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka hoʻāʻo adhesion biocomposite.(d) ʻIkepili pili me ka Tg o ka latex (mean ± StDev; n = 3).e Hoʻoholo matrix ma muli o ka ʻona a me ka ʻikepili pili.ʻO ka ratio o ka styrene a me ka butyl acrylate he 1:3 no ka "paʻakikī" (H) latex, 1:1 no ka "maʻamau" (N) a me 3:1 no ka "paʻakikī" (S).ʻO nā helu mua i loko o ke code latex e pili ana i ka ʻike o Texanol.
I ka hapanui o nā hihia, ua emi iho ka ola o ke kelepona me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka manaʻo o ka texanol, akā ʻaʻohe pilina koʻikoʻi no kekahi o nā kānana (CCAP 1479/1A: DF = 25, r = -0.208, P = 0.299; PCC 7942: DF = 25, r = – 0.127, P = 0.527).Ma ka fig.Hōʻike ka 1b i ka pilina ma waena o ka ulu ʻana o ke kelepona a me ka mahana hoʻololi aniani (Tg).Loaʻa ka pilina maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o ka manaʻo texanol a me nā koina Tg (H-latex: DF=7, r=-0.989, P=<0.001; N-latex: DF=7, r=-0.964, P=<0.001 S- latex: DF=7, r=-0.946, P=<0.001).Ua hōʻike ka ʻikepili i ka Tg maikaʻi loa no ka ulu ʻana o S. elongatus PCC 7942 ma kahi o 17 °C (Figure 1b), aʻo S. elongatus CCAP 1479/1A i makemake iā Tg ma lalo o 0 °C (Figure 1b).ʻO S. elongatus CCAP 1479/1A wale nō ka pilina maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o Tg a me ka ʻikepili ʻona (DF=25, r=-0.857, P=<0.001).
Loaʻa i nā latex a pau ka pili pili pono, a ʻaʻohe o lākou i hoʻokuʻu ma mua o 1% o nā cell ma hope o 72 h (Fig. 1c).ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā latex o nā kānana ʻelua o S. elongatus (PCC 7942: ho'āʻo Scheirer-Ray-Hara, Latex*Texanol, DF=4, H=0.903; P=0.924; CCAP 1479/1A: Scheirer- Hōʻike Ray).– Hōʻike hare, latex*texanol, DF=4, H=3.277, P=0.513).I ka piʻi ʻana o ka manaʻo o Texanol, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā cell hou (Figure 1c).hoʻohālikelike ʻia me S. elongatus PCC 7942 (DF=25, r=-0.660, P=<0.001) (Figure 1d).Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe pilina helu ma waena o Tg a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ke kelepona o nā kānana ʻelua (PCC 7942: DF = 25, r = 0.301, P = 0.127; CCAP 1479 / 1A: DF = 25, r = 0.287, P = 0.147).
No nā kānana ʻelua, ʻaʻole pono nā polymers latex "paʻakikī".ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike, ua hana maikaʻi loa ʻo 4N a me 12N iā S. elongatus PCC 7942, ʻoiai ʻo 4S a me 12S i hana maikaʻi loa e kūʻē iā CCAP 1479/1A (Fig. 1e), ʻoiai aia kahi lumi no ka hoʻonui hou ʻana i ka matrix polymer.Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau polymers i nā hoʻāʻo uptake CO2 uptake semi-batch.
Ua nānā ʻia ka Photophysiology no 7 mau lā me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā cell i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o kahi ʻano latex aqueous.Ma keʻano laulā, ua emi ka nui o ka photosynthesis (PS) a me ka nui o ka PSII quantum yield (Fv/Fm) me ka manawa, akā ʻaʻole kūlike kēia emi ʻana a hōʻike kekahi mau ʻikepili PS i ka pane biphasic, e hōʻike ana i ka pane ʻāpana, ʻoiai ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka manawa maoli. ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ka hana PS (Fig. 2a a me 3b).ʻAʻole i haʻi ʻia ka pane biphasic Fv/Fm (Nā Kiʻi 2b a me 3b).
(a) Ka helu photosynthesis (PS) a me (b) kiʻekiʻe loa o ka PSII quantum yield (Fv/Fm) o Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 ma ka pane ʻana i nā hana latex i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mālama ʻana i nā moʻomeheu hoʻokuʻu.ʻO ka ratio o ka styrene a me ka butyl acrylate he 1:3 no ka "paʻakikī" (H) latex, 1:1 no ka "maʻamau" (N) a me 3:1 no ka "paʻakikī" (S).ʻO nā helu mua i loko o ke code latex e pili ana i ka ʻike o Texanol.(mean ± hoʻokaʻawale maʻamau; n = 3).
(a) Ka helu photosynthesis (PS) a me (b) ka nui loa o ka PSII quantum yield (Fv/Fm) o Synechococcus elongatus CCAP 1479/1A ma ka pane ʻana i nā hana latex i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mālama ʻana i nā moʻomeheu hoʻokuʻu.ʻO ka ratio o ka styrene a me ka butyl acrylate he 1:3 no ka "paʻakikī" (H) latex, 1:1 no ka "maʻamau" (N) a me 3:1 no ka "paʻakikī" (S).ʻO nā helu mua i loko o ke code latex e pili ana i ka ʻike o Texanol.(mean ± hoʻokaʻawale maʻamau; n = 3).
No S. elongatus PCC 7942, ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ka haku mele ʻana a me Texanol i ka PS i ka manawa (GLM, Latex*Texanol*Time, DF = 28, F = 1.49, P = 0.07), ʻoiai he mea nui ka haku mele (GLM)., Latex*manawa, DF = 14, F = 3.14, P = <0.001) (Fig. 2a).ʻAʻohe hopena koʻikoʻi o ka ʻike ʻana o Texanol i ka manawa (GLM, Texanol*time, DF=14, F=1.63, P=0.078).He pilina koʻikoʻi e pili ana iā Fv/Fm (GLM, Latex*Texanol*Time, DF=28, F=4.54, P=<0.001).He hopena koʻikoʻi ka pilina ma waena o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka latex a me ka ʻike Texanol ma Fv/Fm (GLM, Latex*Texanol, DF=4, F=180.42, P=<0.001).Hoʻopili pū kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i ka Fv/Fm i ka manawa (GLM, Latex*Time, DF=14, F=9.91, P=<0.001 a me Texanol*Time, DF=14, F=10.71, P=< 0.001).Mālama ʻo Latex 12H i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa PS a me Fv/Fm waiwai (Fig. 2b), e hōʻike ana he ʻoi aku ka ʻona o kēia polymer.
He ʻokoʻa loa ka PS o S. elongatus CCAP 1479/1A (GLM, latex * Texanol * manawa, DF = 28, F = 2.75, P = <0.001), me ka haku mele ʻana ma mua o ka manaʻo o Texanol (GLM, Latex*time, DF =14, F=6.38, P=<0.001, GLM, Texanol*manawa, DF=14, F=1.26, P=0.239).Ua mālama ʻo "Soft" polymers 0S a me 4S i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka hana PS ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana (Mann-Whitney U, 0S versus controls, W = 686.0, P = 0.044, 4S versus controls, W = 713, P = 0.01) a mālama i kahi hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ʻo Fv./Fm (Fig. 3a) hōʻike ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lawe ʻana i Photosystem II.No nā koina Fv/Fm o nā pūnaewele CCAP 1479/1A, aia kahi ʻokoʻa latex nui i ka manawa (GLM, Latex*Texanol*Time, DF=28, F=6.00, P=<0.001) (Figure 3b).).
Ma ka fig.Hōʻike ka 4 i ka awelika PS a me Fv/Fm ma kahi manawa 7 lā ma ke ʻano he hana o ka ulu ʻana o ke kelepona no kēlā me kēia kānana.ʻAʻole ʻo S. elongatus PCC 7942 i ʻike maopopo ʻia (Fig. 4a a me b), akā naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻo CCAP 1479/1A i kahi pilina parabolic ma waena o PS (Fig. 4c) a me Fv/Fm (Fig. 4d) mau waiwai e like me ka ʻO nā lakio o ka styrene a me ka butyl acrylate e ulu me ka loli.
ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ka ulu a me ka photophysiology o Synechococcus longum ma nā hoʻomākaukau latex.(a) Ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka ʻikepili ʻona e kūʻē i ka helu kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi (PS), (b) ka hua nui PSII quantum (Fv/Fm) o PCC 7942. c Ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka ʻikepili ʻona e kūʻē iā PS a me d Fv/Fm CCAP 1479/1A.ʻO ka ratio o ka styrene a me ka butyl acrylate he 1:3 no ka "paʻakikī" (H) latex, 1:1 no ka "maʻamau" (N) a me 3:1 no ka "paʻakikī" (S).ʻO nā helu mua i loko o ke code latex e pili ana i ka ʻike o Texanol.(mean ± hoʻokaʻawale maʻamau; n = 3).
ʻO ka biocomposite PCC 7942 he hopena liʻiliʻi i ka paʻa ʻana o ka cell me ka leaching cell nui i nā pule ʻehā mua (Figure 5).Ma hope o ka hoʻomaka mua o ka CO2 uptake, hoʻomaka nā pūnaewele i hoʻopaʻaʻia me ka 12 N latex e hoʻokuʻu i ka CO2, a ua mau kēiaʻano ma waena o nā lā 4 a me 14 (Fig. 5b).Kūlike kēia mau ʻikepili me ka ʻike ʻana i ka wehe ʻana o ka pigment.Ua hoʻomaka hou ka uptake CO2 mai ka lā 18. ʻOiai ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ke kelepona (Fig. 5a), ʻoi aku ka nui o ka biocomposite PCC 7942 12 N ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana ma luna o 28 mau lā, ʻoiai he liʻiliʻi (Mann-Whitney U-test, W = 2275.5; P = 0.066).ʻO ka nui o ka absorption o CO2 e ka latex 12 N a me 4 N he 0.51 ± 0.34 a me 1.18 ± 0.29 g CO2 g-1 o biomass d-1.He ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka mālama ʻana a me nā pae manawa (Chairer-Ray-Hare test, treatment: DF=2, H=70.62, P=<0.001 manawa: DF=13, H=23.63, P=0.034), akā ʻo ia. ʻaʻole.aia kahi pilina koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka mālama ʻana a me ka manawa (Chairer-Ray-Har test, time*treatment: DF=26, H=8.70, P=0.999).
ʻO nā ho'āʻo hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka hapalua o ka hui CO2 ma Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 biocomposites me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka latex 4N a me 12N.(a) Hōʻike nā kiʻi i ka hoʻokuʻu cell a me ka wehe ʻana o ka puaʻa, a me nā kiʻi SEM o ka biocomposite ma mua a ma hope o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana.Hōʻike nā laina kiko keʻokeʻo i nā wahi o ka waiho ʻana o ke kelepona ma ka biocomposite.(b) Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻupena CO2 ma kahi o ʻehā pule.ʻO ka latex "maʻamau" (N) he ratio o ka styrene i ka butyl acrylate o 1:1.ʻO nā helu mua i loko o ke code latex e pili ana i ka ʻike o Texanol.(mean ± hoʻokaʻawale maʻamau; n = 3).
Ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka paʻa ʻana o ke kelepona no ke kānana CCAP 1479/1A me 4S a me 12S, ʻoiai ua hoʻololi mālie ka puaʻa i ke kala i ka manawa (Fig. 6a).Hoʻopau ka Biocomposite CCAP 1479/1A i ka CO2 no nā lā 84 piha (12 pule) me ka ʻole o nā mea hoʻohui meaʻai.ʻO ka nānāʻana o SEM (Fig. 6a) i hōʻoia i kaʻike maka o ka weheʻana o nā pūnaewele liʻiliʻi.I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā cell i loko o kahi uhi latex i mālama i kona kūpaʻa ʻoiai ʻo ka ulu ʻana o ka cell.Uaʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka CO2 uptake ma mua o ka pūʻulu mana (Scheirer-Ray-Har test, treatment: DF=2; H=240.59; P=<0.001, manawa: DF=42; H=112; P=<0.001) ( Kii 6b).Ua loaʻa i ka 12S biocomposite ka kiʻekiʻe loa CO2 uptake (1.57 ± 0.08 g CO2 g-1 biomass i kēlā me kēia lā), aʻo ka 4S latex he 1.13 ± 0.41 g CO2 g-1 biomass i kēlā me kēia lā, akā ʻaʻole lākou i ʻokoʻa nui (Mann-Whitney U. . ho'āʻo, W = 1507.50; P = 0.07) a ʻaʻohe pilina koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka lāʻau a me ka manawa (Shirer-Rey-Hara hōʻike, manawa * mālama: DF = 82; H = 10 .37; P = 1.000).
ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka hapalua hapa CO2 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Synechococcus elongatus CCAP 1479/1A biocomposites me 4N a me 12N latex.(a) Hōʻike nā kiʻi i ka hoʻokuʻu cell a me ka wehe ʻana o ka puaʻa, a me nā kiʻi SEM o ka biocomposite ma mua a ma hope o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana.Hōʻike nā laina kiko keʻokeʻo i nā wahi o ka waiho ʻana o ke kelepona ma ka biocomposite.(b) Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻupena CO2 ma luna o ka manawa he ʻumikumamālua pule.Loaʻa i ka latex "Soft" (S) ka lakene o ka styrene a me ka butyl acrylate o 1:1.ʻO nā helu mua i loko o ke code latex e pili ana i ka ʻike o Texanol.(mean ± hoʻokaʻawale maʻamau; n = 3).
S. elongatus PCC 7942 (Shirer-Ray-Har hoʻāʻo, manawa * lapaʻau: DF = 4, H = 3.243, P = 0.518) a i ʻole biocomposite S. elongatus CCAP 1479/1A (ʻelua-ANOVA, manawa * mālama: DF = 8 , F = 1.79, P = 0.119) (Fig. S4).ʻO Biocomposite PCC 7942 ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa o ka carbohydrate ma ka pule 2 (4 N = 59.4 ± 22.5 wt%, 12 N = 67.9 ± 3.3 wt%), aʻo ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i loaʻa ka nui o ka carbohydrate ma ka pule 4 i ka wā (mana = 59.6 ± 2.84% w/w).ʻO ka nui o ka maʻiʻo carbohydrate o ka CCAP 1479/1A biocomposite ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka mana koe wale nō ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻokolokolo, me kekahi mau hoʻololi i ka 12S latex ma ka pule 4. ʻO nā waiwai kiʻekiʻe loa no ka biocomposite he 51.9 ± 9.6 wt% no 4S a me 77.1 ± 17.0 wt% no 12S.
Hoʻomaka mākou e hōʻike i nā mea hiki ke hoʻolālā ʻia no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka paʻa o ka paʻa ʻana o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni latex polymer coatings ma ke ʻano he mea koʻikoʻi o ka manaʻo lichen mimic biocomposite me ka ʻole o ka mōhai ʻana i ka biocompatibility a i ʻole ka hana.ʻOiaʻiʻo, inā lanakila nā pilikia e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana o ke kelepona, manaʻo mākou i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana nui ma luna o kā mākou biocomposites hoʻokolohua, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā cyanobacteria a me nā ʻōnaehana hopu kalapona microalgae.
ʻAʻole pono nā mea ʻawaʻawa, lōʻihi, kākoʻo i ka hoʻopili kelepona lōʻihi, a pono e porous e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻoili nui CO2 a me ka degassing O2.He maʻalahi ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā polymers acrylic ʻano Latex a hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka pena, textile, a me nā ʻoihana hoʻopili30.Hoʻohui mākou i ka cyanobacteria me ka wai-based acrylic latex polymer emulsion polymerized me kahi lakio kikoʻī o styrene/butyl acrylate particles a me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o Texanol.Ua koho ʻia ʻo Styrene a me butyl acrylate i hiki ke hoʻomalu i nā waiwai kino, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka elasticity a me ka coalescence o ka uhi ʻana (koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻopili ikaika a paʻa loa), e ʻae ana i ka synthesis o nā ʻāpana ʻāpana "paʻakikī" a me ka "paʻakikī".Hōʻike ka ʻikepili ʻona ʻaʻole kūpono ke ola o ka cyanobacteria "paʻakikī" me ka styrene kiʻekiʻe.ʻAʻole like me ka butyl acrylate, ua manaʻo ʻia ka styrene i mea ʻawaʻawa i nā algae32,33.ʻOkoʻa loa ka pane ʻana o Cyanobacteria i ka latex, a ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka mahana hoʻololi aniani maikaʻi loa (Tg) no S. elongatus PCC 7942, ʻoiai ʻo S. elongatus CCAP 1479/1A i hōʻike i kahi pilina laina ʻino me Tg.
Hoʻopili ka mahana maloʻo i ka hiki ke hana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni latex mau.Inā ʻoi aku ka mahana o ka maloʻo ʻana ma lalo o ka Minimum Film Forming Temperature (MFFT), ʻaʻole e hui piha nā ʻāpana latex polymer, e hopena i ka hoʻopili wale ʻana ma ka pānaehana.ʻO nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni i loaʻa mai he maikaʻi ʻole ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ka ikaika mechanical a hiki i ke ʻano pauda29.Pili loa ka MFFT iā Tg, hiki ke hoʻomalu ʻia e ka haku mele monomer a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā coalescents e like me Texanol.Hoʻoholo ʻo Tg i ka nui o nā waiwai kino o ka uhi i hopena ʻia, aia paha i loko o ke ʻano ʻeleʻele a aniani paha34.Wahi a ka Flory-Fox equation35, pili ʻo Tg i ke ʻano o ka monomer a me ka hoʻohui pākēneka pili.Hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka coalescent ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka MFFT ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka Tg o nā ʻāpana latex, e hiki ai ke hoʻokumu i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma nā wela haʻahaʻa, akā naʻe e hana i kahi uhi paʻa a ikaika no ka mea e mahuka mālie ka coalescent i ka manawa a i ʻole i unuhi ʻia 36 .
ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka manaʻo o Texanol e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā ʻāpana polymer (e hōʻemi ana i ka Tg) ma muli o ka absorption e nā ʻāpana i ka wā maloʻo, a laila e hoʻonui ai i ka ikaika o ke kiʻi cohesive a me ka hoʻopili cell.Ma muli o ka maloʻo ʻana o ka biocomposite i ka mahana ambient (~ 18–20 ° C), ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka Tg (30 a 55 ° C) o ka latex "paʻakikī" ma mua o ka mahana maloʻo, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole maikaʻi loa ka coalescence particle, e hopena i ʻO nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni B e mau ana i ka vitreous, ʻino ka mīkini a me nā waiwai adhesive, ka elasticity liʻiliʻi a me ka diffusivity30 i ka hopena e alakaʻi i ka nalowale o ke kelepona.Hoʻokumu ʻia ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni mai nā polymer "maʻamau" a me nā "māmā" ma lalo a i ʻole ka Tg o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni polymer, a hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni e ka coalescence hoʻomaikaʻi, ka hopena i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni polymer mau me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical, cohesive, a hoʻopili.E paʻa mau ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni i ka wā o ka hoʻokolohua hopu CO2 ma muli o kona kokoke ʻana i ka Tg ("hui maʻamau": 12 a i 20 ºC) a i ʻole ka haʻahaʻa loa ("hui ʻoluʻolu": -21 a -13 °C) i ka mahana ambient 30 .ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka latex "paʻakikī" (3.4 a 2.9 kgf mm–1) ma mua o ka latex "maʻamau" (1.0 a 0.9 kgf mm–1).ʻAʻole hiki ke ana ʻia ka paʻakikī o nā latex "māmā" e ka microhardness ma muli o ka nui o ka rubberiness a me ka paʻa i ka lumi wela.Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka pili o ka ʻili i ka pili pili, akā pono nā ʻikepili hou aʻe e hāʻawi i ka ʻike koʻikoʻi.Eia naʻe, hoʻopaʻa maikaʻi nā latex a pau i nā cell, e hoʻokuʻu ana ma lalo o 1%.
Ke emi nei ka huahua o ka photosynthesis i ka manawa.ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana i ka polystyrene e alakaʻi i ka hoʻohaunaele membrane a me ke koʻikoʻi oxidative38,39,40,41.ʻO nā koina Fv/Fm o S. elongatus CCAP 1479/1A i hōʻike ʻia i ka 0S a me 4S ua aneane ʻelua ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka mana hoʻokuʻu, ʻo ia ka mea i ʻaelike maikaʻi me ka nui o ka uptake CO2 o ka biocomposite 4S, a me haʻahaʻa mean PS waiwai.waiwai.ʻO nā koina Fv/Fm kiʻekiʻe e hōʻike ana i ka lawe ʻana i ka electron i ka PSII hiki ke hāʻawi i nā photons42 hou aʻe, hiki ke hopena i nā helu hoʻoponopono CO2 kiʻekiʻe.Eia nō naʻe, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua loaʻa ka ʻikepili photophysiological mai nā cell i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o nā hopena latex aqueous a ʻaʻole paha e hoʻohālikelike pono ʻia me nā biocomposites makua.
Inā hana ka latex i mea pale i ke kukui a/a i ʻole ka hoʻololi kinoea e hopena i ka māmā a me ka palena CO2, hiki iā ia ke hoʻoulu i ke kaumaha o ke kelepona a hoʻemi i ka hana, a inā pili ia i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o O2, photorespiration39.Ua loiloi ʻia ka hoʻouna māmā ʻana o nā uhi i hoʻōla ʻia: "paʻakikī" ka latex i hōʻike i ka emi iki o ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka māmā ma waena o 440 a me 480 nm (hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o Texanol ma muli o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni coalescence), ʻoiai ʻo "soft" a "maʻamau". ” hōʻike ka latex i ka emi iki o ka lawe māmā.hōʻike ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka nalowale o ka nalowale.Ua hana ʻia nā hoʻāʻo ʻana, a me nā incubations a pau, me ka ikaika haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (30.5 µmol m-2 s-1), no laila e uku ʻia kekahi radiation hana photosynthetically ma muli o ka polymer matrix a hiki ke kōkua i ka pale ʻana i ka photoinhibition.i ka poino o ka malamalama.
Hana ʻia ʻo Biocomposite CCAP 1479/1A i nā lā 84 o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka meaʻai a i ʻole ka nalowale nui o ka biomass, ʻo ia ka pahuhopu nui o ka noiʻi.Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka depigmentation cell me kahi kaʻina o ka chlorosis i pane i ka pōloli nitrogen e hoʻokō i ke ola lōʻihi (ka moku hoʻomaha), hiki ke kōkua i nā cell e hoʻomau i ka ulu ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hōʻiliʻili nitrogen.Ua hōʻoia nā kiʻi SEM i ka noho ʻana o nā cell i loko o ka uhi ʻoiai ʻo ka māhele cell, e hōʻike ana i ka elasticity o ka "soft" latex a no laila e hōʻike ana i kahi pōmaikaʻi ma mua o ka mana hoʻokolohua.Aia ma kahi o ka 70% butyl acrylate (ma ke kaumaha), ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka manaʻo i ʻōlelo ʻia no kahi uhi hikiwawe ma hope o ka maloʻo ʻana44.
ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka uptake o CO2 ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka mana (14-20 a me 3-8 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe no S. elongatus CCAP 1479/1A a me PCC 7942, kēlā me kēia).Ma mua, ua hoʻohana mākou i kahi hoʻohālike CO2 mass transfer e hōʻike i ka mea hoʻokele nui o ka hoʻopiʻi CO2 kiʻekiʻe he gradient kūʻai CO2 koi ma ka ʻili o ka biocomposite31 a hiki ke kaupalena ʻia ka hana biocomposite ma ke kūʻē ʻana i ka hoʻoili lehulehu.Hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia kēia pilikia ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mea ʻawaʻawa ʻole, nā mea hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻole i loko o ka latex e hoʻonui ai i ka porosity a me ka permeability o ka uhi ʻia26, akā hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka paʻa ʻana o ka cell no ka mea ʻo kēia hoʻolālā e hopena i kahi kiʻi nāwaliwali20.Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka haku mele i ka wā polymerization e hoʻonui i ka porosity, ʻo ia ka koho maikaʻi loa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana ʻoihana a me ka scalability45.
ʻO ka hana ʻana o ka biocomposite hou i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā noiʻi hou e hoʻohana ana i nā biocomposites mai microalgae a me cyanobacteria i hōʻike i nā pono i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka helu hoʻouka kelepona (Table 1)21,46 a me nā manawa loiloi lōʻihi (84 lā versus 15 hours46 a me 3 weeks21).
Hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi ʻia ka ʻike volumetric o nā kalapona i loko o nā cell me nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe 47,48,49,50 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cyanobacteria a hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he kumu kūpono no ka hopu kalapona a me ka hoʻohana ʻana / hoʻihoʻi noiʻi, e like me nā kaʻina hana fermentation BECCS49,51 a i ʻole no ka hana ʻana o ka biodegradable. bioplastik52 .Ma ke ʻano he kumu no kēia noiʻi ʻana, manaʻo mākou ʻo ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ulu lāʻau, ʻoiai i manaʻo ʻia ma ka manaʻo hoʻokuʻu kino ʻole o BECCS, ʻaʻole ia he panacea no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau a hoʻopau i kahi ʻāpana weliweli o ka ʻāina mahiai o ka honua6.Ma ke ʻano he hoʻokolohua noʻonoʻo, ua manaʻo ʻia ma waena o 640 a me 950 GtCO2 e pono e hoʻoneʻe ʻia mai ka lewa ma 2100 e kaupalena i ka piʻi ʻana o ka honua i 1.5°C53 (ma kahi o 8 a 12 GtCO2 i kēlā me kēia makahiki).ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia me kahi biocomposite ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi (574.08 ± 30.19 t CO2 t-1 biomass i kēlā me kēia makahiki-1) pono e hoʻonui i ka leo mai 5.5 × 1010 a i 8.2 × 1010 m3 (me ka hoʻohālikelike photosynthetic pono), e loaʻa ana mai 196 a 2.92 biliona lita. polimer.Ke manaʻo nei he 1 m3 o nā biocomposites e noho ana i 1 m2 o ka ʻāina, ʻo ka wahi i koi ʻia e hoʻomoʻa i ka pahuhopu makahiki CO2 ma waena o 5.5 a me 8.17 miliona mau ʻeka, ʻo ia ka 0.18-0.27% kūpono no ke ola o nā ʻāina i ka tropics, a hoemi i ka aina.pono no BECCS e 98-99%.Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka lākiō hopu ʻana i ka CO2 absorption i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke kukui haʻahaʻa.Ke ʻike koke ʻia ka biocomposite i ke kukui kūlohelohe ʻoi aku ka ikaika, piʻi ka nui o ka uptake CO2, e hōʻemi hou ana i nā koi ʻāina a me ka huki ʻana i nā unahi i ka manaʻo biocomposite.Eia naʻe, pono ka hoʻokō ʻana ma ka equator no ka ikaika a me ka lōʻihi o ka backlight.
ʻO ka hopena honua o ka hoʻomomona ʻana o CO2, ʻo ia hoʻi ka piʻi ʻana o nā mea kanu ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka loaʻa ʻana o CO2, ua emi iho ma ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina, ma muli paha o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā meaʻai kumu lepo (N a me P) a me nā kumu wai7.ʻO ia ke ʻano o ka photosynthesis terrestrial ʻaʻole hiki ke alakaʻi i ka piʻi ʻana o ka CO2 uptake, ʻoiai ke kiʻekiʻe o ka CO2 i ka lewa.Ma kēia pōʻaiapili, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā hoʻolālā hoʻēmi ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻāina e like me BECCS.Inā hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia kēia hanana honua, hiki i kā mākou lichen-inspired biocomposite ke lilo i mea waiwai nui, e hoʻololi ana i nā microbes photosynthetic aquatic hoʻokahi-celled i loko o "nā mea hana honua."Hoʻoponopono ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu honua i ka CO2 ma o ka photosynthesis C3, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu C4 i nā wahi mehana, maloʻo a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma nā kaomi ʻāpana CO254 kiʻekiʻe.Hāʻawi ʻo Cyanobacteria i kahi ʻokoʻa e hiki ke hoʻopau i nā wānana weliweli o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ke kalapona kalapona i nā mea kanu C3.Ua lanakila ʻo Cyanobacteria i nā palena photorespiratory ma o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi mīkini hoʻonui kalapona maikaʻi i hōʻike ʻia a mālama ʻia nā kaomi ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe o CO2 e ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) i loko o nā carboxysomes a puni.Inā hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka hana ʻana o nā cyanobacterial biocomposites, hiki ke lilo i mea kaua koʻikoʻi no ke kanaka i ka hakakā ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau.
Hāʻawi nā biocomposites (lichen mimics) i nā mea maikaʻi ma mua o nā microalgae maʻamau a me nā moʻomeheu hoʻokuʻu cyanobacteria, e hāʻawi ana i nā helu kiʻekiʻe o ka lawe ʻana i ka CO2, e hōʻemi ana i nā pilikia haumia, a me ka hoʻohiki ʻana i ka pale CO2 hoʻokūkū.Ho'emi nui nā kumukū'ai i ka ho'ohana 'ana i ka 'āina, ka wai a me nā mea'ai56.Hōʻike kēia haʻawina i ka hiki ke hoʻomohala a me ka hana ʻana i kahi latex biocompatible kiʻekiʻe, i ka wā i hui pū ʻia me ka loofah sponge ma ke ʻano he substrate moho, hiki ke hāʻawi i ka hoʻopiʻi CO2 maikaʻi a maikaʻi hoʻi i nā mahina o ke kaʻe ʻana me ka mālama ʻana i ka nalowale o ka cell i ka liʻiliʻi.Hiki i nā biocomposites ke kiʻi ma kahi o 570 t CO2 t-1 o ka biomass i kēlā me kēia makahiki a ʻoi aku paha ka mea nui ma mua o nā hoʻolālā kanu ulu ʻana o BECCS i kā mākou pane ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau.Me ka hoʻonui hou ʻana i ka haku mele polymer, ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka ʻoi aku o ka māmā māmā, a hui pū ʻia me ka ʻenekinia metabolic elaborate, hiki i nā biogeoeengineers kumu maoli ke hele hou mai e hoʻopakele.
Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā polymers latex Acrylic me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hui ʻana o nā monomer styrene, butyl acrylate a me ka waikawa acrylic, a ua hoʻoponopono ʻia ka pH i 7 me 0.1 M sodium hydroxide (papa 2).ʻO Styrene a me ka butyl acrylate ka nui o nā kaulahao polymer, ʻoiai ʻo ka waikawa acrylic e kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻāpana latex i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia.Hoʻoholo ʻia nā waiwai o ka latex e ka mahana hoʻololi aniani (Tg), i mālama ʻia e ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ratio o ka styrene a me ka butyl acrylate, e hāʻawi ana i nā waiwai "paʻakikī" a me nā waiwai "paʻakikī", kēlā me kēia58.ʻO kahi polymer latex acrylic maʻamau he 50:50 styrene: butyl acrylate 30, no laila, ma kēia haʻawina latex me kēia ratio i kapa ʻia ʻo "maʻamau" latex, a ʻo ka latex me kahi ʻano styrene kiʻekiʻe i kapa ʻia he latex me kahi ʻano haʻahaʻa styrene. .kapa ʻia ʻo "paʻakikī" me he "paʻakikī".
Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia kahi emulsion mua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai distilled (174 g), sodium bicarbonate (0.5 g) a me Rhodapex Ab/20 surfactant (30.92 g) (Solvay) e hoʻopaʻa i nā kulu 30 monomer.Ke hoʻohana nei i ka syringe aniani (Science Glass Engineering) me ka pauma syringe, kahi aliquot lua i loaʻa i ka styrene, butyl acrylate a me ka waikawa acrylic i helu ʻia ma ka Papa 2 ua hoʻohui ʻia i ka dropwise ma kahi o 100 ml h-1 i ka emulsion mua ma luna o 4 mau hola (Cole -Palmer, Mount Vernon, Illinois).E hoʻomākaukau i ka hopena o ka polymerization initiator 59 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka dHO a me ka ammonium persulfate (100 ml, 3% w/w).
E hoʻoulu i ka hopena i loaʻa i ka dHO (206 g), sodium bicarbonate (1 g) a me Rhodapex Ab/20 (4.42 g) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe i luna (Heidolph Hei-TORQUE waiwai 100) me kahi propeller kila kuhili ʻole a me ka wela i 82°C i loko ʻauʻau wai wela VWR Scientific 1137P.Ua hoʻohui ʻia kahi hoʻonā haʻahaʻa kaumaha o ka monomer (28.21 g) a me ka mea hoʻomaka (20.60 g) i ka dropwise i loko o ka ipu lole a hoʻoulu ʻia no 20 mau minuke.Hoʻohui ikaika i ke koena monomer (150 ml h-1) a me ka mea hoʻomaka (27 ml h-1) i mea e hoʻopaʻa ai i nā ʻāpana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana a hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu wai no 5 mau hola me ka hoʻohana ʻana i 10 ml syringes a me 100 ml i loko o kahi pahu. .hoʻopau ʻia me kahi pamu syringe.Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka wikiwiki o ka slurry ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka slurry volume e hōʻoia i ka paʻa ʻana o ka slurry.Ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka mea hoʻomaka a me ka emulsion, ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ka mahana hopena i 85 ° C, hoʻoulu maikaʻi ʻia ma 450 rpm no 30 mau minuke, a laila hoʻomaha ʻia i 65 ° C.Ma hope o ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana, ua hoʻohui ʻia ʻelua mau mea hoʻoneʻe i ka latex: tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) (70% i ka wai) (5 g, 14% ma ke kaupaona) a me ka waikawa isoascorbic (5 g, 10% ma ke kaupaona)..E hoʻohui i ka t-BHP i kēlā me kēia kulu a waiho no 20 mau minuke.A laila ua hoʻohui ʻia ka Erythorbic acid ma ka wikiwiki o 4 ml / h mai kahi syringe 10 ml me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pamu syringe.A laila hoʻomāʻalili ʻia ka hopena latex i ka wela lumi a hoʻoponopono ʻia i ka pH 7 me ka 0.1M sodium hydroxide.
2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (Texanol) - haʻahaʻa toxicity biodegradable coalescent no ka latex pena 37,60 - ua hoʻohui ʻia me kahi syringe a me ka paila i ʻekolu mau puke (0, 4, 12% v / v) ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohuihui no ka hui ʻana o ka latex e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni i ka wā maloʻo.Hoʻoholo ʻia ka pākēneka o ka latex solids ma ke kau ʻana i 100 µl o kēlā me kēia polymer i loko o nā pāpale alumini alumini i kaupaona mua ʻia a maloʻo i loko o ka umu ma 100°C no 24 mau hola.
No ka lawe māmā ʻana, ua hoʻopili ʻia kēlā me kēia hui latex i kahi paheʻe microscope me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pahu kulu kila stainless i calibrated e hana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni 100 µm a maloʻo ma 20 ° C no 48 mau hola.ʻO ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka māmā (e nānā ana i ka radiation photosynthetically active, λ 400-700 nm) ua ana ʻia ma kahi spectroradiometer ILT950 SpectriLight me kahi mea ʻike ma kahi mamao o 35 cm mai kahi kukui fluorescent 30 W (Sylvania Luxline Plus, n = 6) - kahi o ka mālamalama. ʻO ka cyanobacteria ke kumu a me nā mea ola i mālama ʻia.Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka polokalamu polokalamu SpectrILight III 3.5 no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka mālamalama a me ka hoʻouna ʻana ma ka pae λ 400–700 nm61.Ua kau ʻia nā laʻana a pau ma luna o ka mea ʻike, a ua hoʻohana ʻia nā paheʻe aniani uncoated e like me nā mana.
Hoʻohui ʻia nā latex latex i kahi kīʻaha silicone a ʻae ʻia e maloʻo no 24 mau hola ma mua o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana no ka paʻakikī.E kau i ka latex maloʻo ma luna o ka pāpale kila ma lalo o ka x10 microscope.Ma hope o ka nānā ʻana, ua loiloi ʻia nā laʻana ma kahi hōʻike microhardness Buehler Micromet II.Hoʻokomo ʻia ka hāpana i ka ikaika o 100 a 200 grams a ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka manawa hoʻouka i 7 kekona e hana i kahi niho daimana i ka hāpana.Ua kālailai ʻia ka paʻi me ka Bruker Alicona × 10 microscope pahuhopu me nā polokalamu ana ʻano hou.Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano paʻakikī Vickers (Equation 1) no ka helu ʻana i ka paʻakikī o kēlā me kēia latex, kahi HV ka helu Vickers, F ka ikaika i hoʻohana ʻia, a ʻo d ka awelika o nā diagonal indent i helu ʻia mai ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka laulā o ka latex.indent value.ʻAʻole hiki ke ana ʻia ka "Soft" latex ma muli o ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ke kikoo i ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana.
No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka mahana hoʻololi aniani (Tg) o ka haku mele, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā laʻana polymer i loko o nā kīʻaha silica gel, maloʻo no 24 mau hola, kaupaona ʻia i 0.005 g, a waiho ʻia i loko o nā kīʻaha laʻana.Ua uhi ʻia ke kīʻaha a hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi ʻāpana ʻokoʻa scanning colorimeter (PerkinElmer DSC 8500, Intercooler II, Pyris data analysis software)62.Hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano kahe wela no ka waiho ʻana i nā kīʻaha kuhikuhi a me nā kīʻaha laʻana i loko o ka umu hoʻokahi me kahi ʻimi wela i kūkulu ʻia e ana i ka mahana.Ua hoʻohana ʻia he ʻelua ramps no ka hana ʻana i kahi pihi kūlike.Ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe pinepine ʻia ke ʻano hoʻohālike mai -20 ° C a i 180 ° C ma ka wikiwiki o 20 ° C i kēlā me kēia minuke.Mālama ʻia kēlā me kēia wahi hoʻomaka a me ka hopena no 1 mau minuke e helu i ka lag wela.
No ka loiloi ʻana i ka hiki o ka biocomposite ke komo i ka CO2, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia a hoʻāʻo ʻia nā laʻana ma ke ʻano like me kā mākou haʻawina mua31.Ua ʻoki ʻia ka lole holoi maloʻo a autoclaved i mau ʻāpana ma kahi o 1 × 1 × 5 cm a kaupaona ʻia.E hoʻopili i 600 µl o nā biocoating maikaʻi loa ʻelua o kēlā me kēia kānana cyanobacteria i kekahi kihi o kēlā me kēia loofah strip, e uhi ana ma kahi o 1 × 1 × 3 cm, a maloʻo i ka pōʻeleʻele ma 20°C no 24 mau hola.Ma muli o ke ʻano macroporous o ka loofah, ua hoʻopau ʻia kekahi o ke ʻano, no laila ʻaʻole 100%.No ka lanakilaʻana i kēia pilikia, ua hoʻoholoʻia ke kaumaha o ka hoʻomākaukau maloʻo ma ka loofah a maʻamau i ka hoʻomākaukau maloʻo kuhikuhi.Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā mana abiotic me ka loofah, ka latex, a me ke ʻano meaʻai sterile ma ke ʻano like.
No ka hana ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka hapalua o ka ʻāpana CO2, e hoʻokomo i ka biocomposite (n = 3) i loko o kahi paipu aniani 50 ml i mea e pili ai kekahi hopena o ka biocomposite (me ka ʻole o ka biocoating) me 5 ml o ka mea ulu, e ʻae i ka meaʻai. lawe ʻia e ka hana capillary..Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka ʻōmole me ka butyl rubber cork me ke anawaena o 20 mm a crimped me kahi pāpale alumini kala.Ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia, hoʻokomo i 45 ml o 5% CO2/ea me kahi nila sterile i hoʻopili ʻia i kahi syringe paʻa kinoea.ʻO ka nui o ke kelepona o ka hoʻokuʻu mana (n = 3) ua like ia me ka ukana cell o ka biocomposite i loko o ka meaʻai meaʻai.Ua lawe ʻia nā hoʻāʻo ma 18 ± 2 °C me kahi photoperiod o 16:8 a me kahi photoperiod o 30.5 µmol m-2 s-1.Wehe ʻia ke poʻo i kēlā me kēia lā ʻelua me kahi syringe paʻa i ke kinoea a nānā ʻia me kahi mika CO2 me ka infrared absorption GEOTech G100 e hoʻoholo ai i ka pākēneka o CO2 i komo.E hoʻohui i ka nui like o ka hui kinoea CO2.
Ua helu ʻia ka % CO2 Fix penei: % CO2 Fix = 5% (v/v) – kākau i ka% CO2 (equation 2) kahi P = kaomi, V = volume, T = wela, a me R = mau kinoea maikaʻi.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka nui o ka uptake CO2 no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka cyanobacteria a me nā biocomposites i maʻamau i nā mana non-biological.ʻO ka ʻāpana hana o g biomass ka nui o ka biomass maloʻo i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ka lole holoi.Hoʻoholo ʻia ma ke kaupaona ʻana i nā laʻana loofah ma mua a ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ke kelepona.Ka helu ʻana i ka nui o ka ukana cell (biomass equivalent) ma ke kaupaona pākahi ʻana i nā mea hoʻomākaukau ma mua a ma hope o ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana a me ka helu ʻana i ka mānoanoa o ka hoʻomākaukau cell (equation 3).Manaʻo ʻia ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ke kelepona he homogeneous i ka wā hoʻoponopono.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Minitab 18 a me Microsoft Excel me ka RealStatistics add-in no ka ʻikepili helu.Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka maʻamau ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻokolohua Anderson-Darling, a ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ke kaulike o nā ʻano like ʻole me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo Levene.Ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili e hoʻokō nei i kēia mau manaʻo me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻelua-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) me ka hōʻike a Tukey ma ke ʻano he loiloi post hoc.Ua kālailai ʻia nā ʻikepili ʻelua ʻaoʻao i kū ʻole i nā manaʻo o ka maʻamau a me ka like ʻole me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo Shirer-Ray-Hara a laila ʻo ka Mann-Whitney U-test e hoʻoholo ai i ke koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā lapaʻau.Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona huila laina laulā (GLM) no ka ʻikepili maʻamau ʻole me ʻekolu kumu, kahi i hoʻololi ʻia ai ka ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Johnson transform63.Ua hana ʻia nā hoʻoponopono manawa o nā huahana Pearson e loiloi i ka pilina ma waena o ka manaʻo ʻana o Texanol, ka mahana hoʻololi aniani, a me ka latex a me ka ʻikepili pili.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jan-05-2023