321 kila kuhiliʻole wili paipu kemika haku mele Mechanical waiwai a me ka corrosion o ka duplex wili kila kila me ka electrode hou.

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Kūleʻa kila 321 Coil Tube Chemical Composition

ʻO ka hui kemika o 321 stainless steel coil tubing penei:
- Kalapona: 0.08% ka nui
- Manganese: 2.00% ka nui
- Nikela: 9.00% min

Kuhili 'ole 321 Coil Tube Mechanical Pono

Wahi a ka Mea Hana Kūleʻa Kūleʻa Kūleʻa 321, ua helu ʻia nā mea mechanical o ke kila kila 321 coil tubing ma lalo nei: Tensile Strength (psi) Yield Strength (psi) Elongation (%)

Nā noi a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pahu hao hao 321 coil

I loko o nā noi ʻenekinia he nui, ʻo nā ʻano mechanical a corrosion o ka duplex stainless steel (DSS) welded structures ka mea nui loa.Ua noiʻi ka haʻawina i kēia manawa i nā waiwai mechanical a me ke kūpaʻa corrosion o nā welds stainless steel duplex i loko o kahi kaiapuni e hoʻohālike ana i ka 3.5% NaCl me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi electrode hou i hoʻolālā ʻia me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui i nā mea hoʻohālike flux.Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻelua mau ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka fluxes me kahi papa kuhikuhi kumu o 2.40 a me 0.40 ma nā electrodes E1 a me E2 no ka wili ʻana i nā papa DSS, kēlā me kēia.Ua loiloi ʻia ke kūpaʻa wela o nā haku mele me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka thermogravimetric analysis.Ua loiloi ʻia ke ʻano kemika a me nā waiwai mechanical a corrosion o nā hui welded me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka spectroscopy emission e like me nā kūlana ASTM.Hoʻohana ʻia ka diffraction X-ray no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā pae i loaʻa i nā welds DSS, a hoʻohana ʻia ka electron scanning me EDS e nānā i ka microstructure o nā welds.ʻO ka ikaika tensile o nā hui welded i hana ʻia e E1 electrodes i loko o 715-732 MPa, e E2 electrodes - 606-687 MPa.Ua hoʻonui ʻia ke au kuʻi mai 90 A a i 110 A, a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka paʻakikī.ʻO nā hui welded me nā electrodes E1 i uhi ʻia me nā fluxes kumu i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā waiwai mechanical.He kiʻekiʻe ke kūpaʻa corrosion o ka hale kila ma kahi kaiapuni 3.5% NaCl.Hōʻoia kēia i ka hana o nā hui welded i hana ʻia me nā electrodes hou i kūkulu ʻia.Kūkākūkā ʻia nā hopena e pili ana i ka pau ʻana o nā mea hoʻohuihui e like me Cr a me Mo i ʻike ʻia i nā welds me nā electrodes i uhi ʻia E1 a me E2, a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o Cr2N i nā welds i hana ʻia me nā electrodes E1 a me E2.
Ma ka mōʻaukala, ʻo ka ʻōlelo mua mua o ka duplex stainless steel (DSS) mai ka makahiki 1927, i ka wā i hoʻohana wale ʻia ai no kekahi mau hoʻolele ʻana a ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia i ka nui o nā noi ʻenehana ma muli o kona kiʻekiʻe carbon content1.Akā, ma hope iho, ua ho'ēmiʻia ka maʻamau kalapona maʻamau i ka waiwai nui o 0.03%, a ua hoʻohana nuiʻia kēia mau kila ma nāʻano likeʻole2,3.ʻO ka DSS kahi ʻohana o nā alloys me ka nui like o ka ferrite a me ka austenite.Ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana e hāʻawi ka pae ferritic i DSS i ka pale maikaʻi loa mai ka chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking (SCC), he mea koʻikoʻi ia no nā austenitic stainless steels (ASS) i ke kenekulia 20.Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, i kekahi mau ʻenehana a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe4 e ulu ana ka noi no ka mālama ʻana i ka nui o 20% i kēlā me kēia makahiki.Hiki ke kiʻi ʻia kēia kila hou me ke ʻano austenitic-ferritic ʻelua-phase ma ke koho haku mele kūpono, hoʻomaʻemaʻe kino-kemika a me ka thermomechanical.Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kila kila kila hoʻokahi, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka DSS a me ka hiki ke kū i ka SCC5, 6, 7, 8. Hāʻawi ke ʻano duplex i kēia mau kila i ka ikaika ʻole, ka paʻakikī a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka corrosion kū'ē i loko o nā kaiapuni koʻikoʻi i loaʻa nā waikawa, acid chlorides, ka wai o ke kai a me nā mea ʻino ʻino9.Ma muli o ke kumukūʻai makahiki o nā nickel (Ni) alloys i ka mākeke maʻamau, ʻo ka hana DSS, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka nickel type (lean DSS), ua loaʻa i nā hanana koʻikoʻi he nui i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hao iron10, 11. ʻO ka nui. ʻO ka pilikia o nā hoʻolālā ASE aia lākou i lalo i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi.No laila, ke ho'āʻo nei nā keʻena ʻenekinia like ʻole a me nā ʻoihana e hoʻolaha i nā mea kila nickel haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (Ni) ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka ASS kuʻuna me ka weldability kūpono a hoʻohana ʻia i nā noi ʻoihana e like me nā mea hoʻololi wela wai kai a me ka ʻoihana kemika.pahu 13 no nā kaiapuni me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka chloride.
I ka holomua ʻenehana hou, hana koʻikoʻi ka hana welded.ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻohui ʻia nā lālā hoʻolālā DSS e ka wiliwili arc pale kinoea a i ʻole ka wiliwili arc pale kinoea.Hoʻopili nui ʻia ka weld e ke ʻano o ka electrode i hoʻohana ʻia no ka welding.ʻO nā electrodes welding he ʻelua ʻāpana: metala a me ka flux.ʻO ka pinepine, ua uhi ʻia nā electrodes me ka flux, kahi hui o nā metala, i ka wā e decomposed, e hoʻokuʻu i nā kinoea a hana i kahi pale pale e pale ai i ka weld mai ka contamination, e hoʻonui i ka paʻa o ka arc, a hoʻohui i kahi mea hoʻohui e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka welding14 .ʻO ka hao, ka aluminika, ke kila kila, ke kila māmā, ke kila ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ke keleawe, ke keleawe, a me ke keleawe kekahi o nā metala electrode welding, ʻoiai ke cellulose, ka pauka hao, a me ka hydrogen kekahi o nā mea flux i hoʻohana ʻia.I kekahi manawa ua hoʻohui pū ʻia ka sodium, titanium a me ka potassium i ka hui flux.
Ua ho'āʻo kekahi poʻe noiʻi e aʻo i ka hopena o ka hoʻonohonoho electrode i ka pono mechanical a me ka corrosion o nā hale kila welded.Singh et al.Ua noiʻi ʻo 15 i ka hopena o ka haku mele ʻana i ka elongation a me ka ikaika tensile o nā welds i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka wili arc submerged.Hōʻike nā hopena i ka CaF2 a me NiO nā mea hoʻoholo nui o ka ikaika tensile i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ke alo o FeMn.Ua noiʻi ʻo Chirag et al.16 i nā pūhui SMAW ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka rutile (TiO2) i loko o kahi hui electrode flux.Ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻonui ʻia nā waiwai o ka microhardness ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka pākēneka a me ka neʻe ʻana o ke kalapona a me ke silika.Ua aʻo ʻo Kumar [17] i ka hoʻolālā ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kahe i hoʻohui ʻia no ka wiliwili ʻana o nā pā kila.Ua noiʻi ʻo Nwigbo lāua ʻo Atuanya18 i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka sodium silicate binders waiwai nui o ka potassium no ka hana ʻana i nā arc welding fluxes a loaʻa nā welds me ka ikaika tensile kiʻekiʻe o 430 MPa a me kahi ʻano palaoa ʻae ʻia.Ua hoʻohana ʻo Lothongkum et al.19 i ke ʻano potentiokinetic e aʻo i ka hakina leo o austenite i loko o ka duplex stainless steel 28Cr–7Ni–O–0.34N i loko o ka hopena NaCl i hoʻopiha ʻia e ka ea ma kahi o 3.5% wt.ma lalo o nā kūlana pH.a me 27°C.Hōʻike ʻia ka hopena like o ka naikokene i ka hana ʻino.ʻAʻole i hoʻopilikia ka Nitrogen i ka hiki ke corrosion a i ʻole ka helu ma ka pH 7 a me 10, akā naʻe, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka pōʻino ma ka pH 10 ma mua o ka pH 7. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ma nā pae pH a pau i aʻo ʻia, hoʻomaka ka piʻi ʻana me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike nitrogen. .Lacerda et al.Ua aʻo ʻo 20 i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā kila stainless duplex UNS S31803 a me UNS S32304 ma 3.5% NaCl solution me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polarization potentiodynamic cyclic.I loko o kahi solution 3.5 wt.% o NaCl, ua ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona o ka lua ma nā papa kila ʻelua.ʻO ke kila UNS S31803 ke kiʻekiʻe o ka corrosion (Ecorr), pitting potential (Epit) a me ka polarization resistance (Rp) ma mua o ke kila UNS S32304.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kila UNS S31803 ma mua o ke kila UNS S32304.Wahi a kahi noiʻi a Jiang et al.[21], ʻo ka peak reactivation e pili ana i ka pae pālua (austenite a me ka ferrite phase) o ka duplex stainless steel e pili ana i ka 65% o ka haku mele ferrite, a piʻi ka ferrite reactivation i kēia manawa me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka manawa mālama wela.Ua ʻike maopopo ʻia ʻo ka austenitic a me ka ferritic phases e hōʻike ana i nā hopena electrochemical like ʻole i nā hiki electrochemical like ʻole21,22,23,24.Ua hoʻohana ʻo Abdo et al.25 i nā ana potentiodynamic o ka polarization spectroscopy a me ka electrochemical impedance spectroscopy e aʻo i ka hoʻoheheʻe electrochemically i hoʻokomo ʻia o ka hao hao 2205 DSS i hoʻohui ʻia i loko o ka wai kai artificial (3.5% NaCl) ma lalo o nā kūlana o ka acidity like ʻole a me ka alkalinity.Ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻinoʻino o ka lua ma nā ʻili i hōʻike ʻia o nā mea hoʻohālike DSS i hoʻāʻo ʻia.Ma muli o kēia mau ʻike, ua hoʻokumu ʻia aia kahi pilina pili ma waena o ka pH o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me ke kūʻē ʻana o ke kiʻi i hana ʻia i ke kaʻina o ka hoʻoili ʻana, e pili pono ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka pitting a me kāna kikoʻī.ʻO ke kumu o kēia noiʻi ʻana ʻo ia ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana o ka hui electrode welding hou i ka pono mechanical a me ka paʻa ʻole o ka welded DSS 2205 i loko o kahi kaiapuni 3.5% NaCl.
ʻO nā mineral flux (mea hoʻohui) i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka electrode coating, ʻo ia ka Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) mai Obajana District, Kogi State, Nigeria, Calcium Fluoride (CaF2) mai Taraba State, Nigeria, Silicon Dioxide (SiO2), Talc Powder (Mg3Si4O10(OH). ) )2) a me ka rutile (TiO2) i loaʻa mai Jos, Nigeria, a me kaolin (Al2 (OH) 4Si2O5) i loaʻa mai Kankara, Katsina State, Nigeria.Hoʻohana ʻia ka silicate potassium ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaʻa, loaʻa mai India.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 1, ua kaupaona kūʻokoʻa ʻia nā oxides constituent ma ke koena kikohoʻe.A laila, hui pū ʻia me ka mea hoʻopaʻa pāpaʻa silicate (23% ma ke kaumaha) i loko o kahi hui uila (model: 641-048) mai Indian Steel and Wire Products Ltd. (ISWP) no 30 mau minuke e loaʻa ai kahi paʻi semi-solid homogeneous.Hoʻokomo ʻia ka flux pulu i loko o kahi ʻano cylindrical mai ka mīkini briquetting a hānai ʻia i loko o ke keʻena extrusion ma ke kaomi o 80 a 100 kg / cm2, a mai ke keʻena hānai uea ua hānai ʻia i loko o ka 3.15mm anawaena uea extruder.Hānai ʻia ka flux ma o kahi ʻōnaehana nozzle/die a hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka extruder e hoʻopau i nā electrodes.Ua loaʻa kahi helu uhi o 1.70 mm, kahi i wehewehe ʻia ai ka helu uhi e like me ka ratio o ke anawaena electrode i ke anawaena strand.A laila ua maloʻo nā electrodes i uhi ʻia i ka ea no 24 mau hola a laila calcined i loko o kahi umu muffle (model PH-248-0571/5448) ma 150-250 °C\(-\) no 2 mau hola.E hoohana i ka hoohalike e helu i ka alkalinity o ke kahe.(1) 26;
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ke kūpaʻa wela o nā laʻana flux o nā haku mele E1 a me E2 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi laʻana o kahi 25.33 mg o ka flux i loko o ka TGA no ka nānā ʻana.Ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hoʻokolohua ma kahi ʻano inert i loaʻa i ke kahe mau ʻana o N2 ma ka wikiwiki o 60 ml / min.Ua hoʻomehanaʻia ka hāpana mai 30 ° C a 1000 ° C ma kahi hoʻomehana wela o 10 ° C / min.Ma hope o nā ʻano hana i ʻōlelo ʻia e Wang et al.27, Xu et al.28 a me Dagwa et al.29, ua helu ʻia ka decomposition thermal a me ke kaumaha o nā mea hoʻohālike i kekahi mau wela mai nā pā TGA.
E hana i ʻelua mau papa DSS 300 x 60 x 6 mm e hoʻomākaukau ai no ke kūʻai ʻana.Ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka V-groove me kahi aʻa kumu 3mm, puka kumu 2mm a me kahi kihi groove 60 °.A laila holoi ʻia ka pā me ka acetone e wehe i nā mea haumia.Weld i nā pā me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka welder arc metala pale (SMAW) me ka polarity maikaʻi electrode o kēia manawa (DCEP) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā electrodes i uhi ʻia (E1 a me E2) a me kahi electrode kuhikuhi (C) me ke anawaena o 3.15 mm.Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) (Model: Excetek-V400) i ka mīkini welded steel specimens no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka mīkini a me ke ʻano o ka corrosion.Hōʻike ka Papa 2 i ke code laʻana a me ka wehewehe ʻana, a ʻo ka Papa 3 e hōʻike ana i nā ʻāpana hana wiliwili like ʻole i hoʻohana ʻia no ka wili ʻana i ka papa DSS.Hoʻohana ʻia ka hoohalike (2) no ka helu ʻana i ka hoʻokomo wela.
Ke hoʻohana nei i kahi Bruker Q8 MAGELLAN optical emission spectrometer (OES) me ka hawewe o 110 a 800 nm a me SQL database lako polokalamu, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ke ʻano kemika o nā hui weld o nā electrodes E1, E2 a me C, a me nā laʻana o ka metala kumu.hoʻohana i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka electrode a me ka hāpana metala ma lalo o ka hoʻāʻo.ʻO kahi laʻana o nā ʻāpana i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a pulu ʻia, a ukali ʻia e ka atomic excitation, a laila hoʻopuka i kahi kikoʻī laina kikoʻī31.No ka hoʻohālikelike qualitative o ka laʻana, ua ana ka paipu photomultiplier i ke alo o kahi spectrum i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no kēlā me kēia mea, a me ka ikaika o ka spectrum.A laila e hoʻohana i ka hoohalike no ka helu ʻana i ka helu hoʻopaʻapaʻa lua (PREN).(3) Hoʻohana ʻia ka ratio 32 a me ka WRC 1992 state diagram no ka helu ʻana i nā mea like chromium a me nickel (Creq a me Nieq) mai nā hoohalike.(4) a me (5) he 33 a me 34;
E noʻonoʻo ʻo PREN wale nō i ka hopena maikaʻi o nā mea nui ʻekolu Cr, Mo a me N, ʻoiai ʻo ka mea nitrogen x aia ma ka laulā o 16-30.ʻO ka maʻamau, koho ʻia ʻo x mai ka papa inoa o 16, 20, a i ʻole 30. Ma ka noiʻi ʻana i nā duplex stainless steels, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kahi waiwai waena o 20 e helu i nā waiwai PREN35,36.
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā hui welded me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā electrodes ʻokoʻa ma kahi mīkini hoʻāʻo honua (Instron 8800 UTM) ma kahi kaila o 0.5 mm/min e like me ASTM E8-21.Ua helu ʻia ka ikaika uʻi (UTS), 0.2% ka ikaika o ka ʻohi ʻana (YS), a me ka elongation e like me ka ASTM E8-2137.
ʻO nā weld DSS 2205 i hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia a hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā nui grit like ʻole (120, 220, 320, 400, 600, 800, 1000 a me 1200) ma mua o ka nānā ʻana i ka paʻakikī.Ua hana ʻia nā mea hoʻohālike welded me nā electrodes E1, E2 a me C. Ua ana ʻia ka paʻakikī ma nā helu he ʻumi (10) mai ke kikowaena o ka weld a hiki i ka metala kumu me ka wā o 1 mm.
X-ray diffractometer (D8 Discover, Bruker, Kelemānia) i hoʻonohonoho ʻia me Bruker XRD Commander lako polokalamu no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻikepili a me Fe-filtered Cu-K-α radiation me ka ikehu o 8.04 keV e pili ana i ka nalu o 1.5406 Å a me ka helu scan o 3 ʻO ka laulā scan (2θ) min-1 he 38 a i ka 103° no ka nānā ʻana i ka māhele me nā electrodes E1, E2 a me C a me BM i nā welds DSS.Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano hoʻomaʻemaʻe Rietveld e kuhikuhi i nā ʻāpana constituent me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu MAUD i wehewehe ʻia e Lutterotti39.Ma muli o ka ASTM E1245-03, ua hoʻokō ʻia kahi loiloi metallographic quantitative o nā kiʻi microscopic o nā hui weld o nā electrodes E1, E2 a me C me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu Image J40.Hāʻawi ʻia nā hopena o ka helu ʻana i ka hakina leo o ka pae ferrite-austenitic, ko lākou awelika waiwai a me ka deviation i hāʻawi ʻia ma ka Papa.5. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻohālike ma ka fig.6d, ua hana ʻia ka nānā ʻana o ka microscopy optical (OM) ma ka PM a me nā hui welded me nā electrodes E1 a me E2 e aʻo i ka morphology o nā laʻana.Ua poni ʻia nā laʻana me 120, 220, 320, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1500, a me 2000 grit silicon carbide (SiC) sandpaper.Hoʻopili ʻia nā laʻana i ka electrolytically etched i loko o ka 10% aqueous oxalic acid solution ma ka lumi wela ma ka volta o 5 V no 10 s a kau ʻia ma kahi LEICA DM 2500 M optical microscope no ka morphological characterization.Hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou aʻe o ka hāpana me ka 2500 grit silicon carbide (SiC) pepa no ka nānā ʻana SEM-BSE.Eia kekahi, ua nānā ʻia nā hui welded no ka microstructure me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ultra-high resolution field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) (FEI NOVA NANOSEM 430, USA) i lako me kahi EMF.A 20 × 10 × 6 mm hāpana i lepo me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana SiC like ʻole i ka nui mai 120 a 2500. Ua kālai ʻia nā mea hoʻohālike i ka electrolytically etched i 40 g o NaOH a me 100 ml o ka wai distilled ma ka volta o 5 V no 15 s, a laila. kau ma luna o ka laʻana paʻa , aia i loko o ke keʻena SEM, no ke kālailai laʻana ma hope o ka holoi ana i ke keʻena me ka nitrogen.Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi kukuna electron i hana ʻia e kahi filament tungsten wela i ka grating ma ka hāpana e hana i nā kiʻi ma nā ʻano hoʻonui, a ua loaʻa nā hopena EMF me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano o Roche et al.41 a me Mokobi 42 .
Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi ala electrochemical potentiodynamic polarization e like me ASTM G59-9743 a me ASTM G5-1444 e loiloi i ka hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia o nā papa DSS 2205 i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā electrodes E1, E2 a me C i kahi 3.5% NaCl.Ua hana ʻia nā hoʻāʻo electrochemical me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea hana Potentiostat-Galvanostat/ZRA i hoʻokele ʻia e ka lolouila (model: PC4/750, Gamry Instruments, USA).Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻāʻo electrochemical ma kahi hoʻonohonoho hoʻāʻo ʻekolu-electrode: DSS 2205 e like me ka electrode hana, saturated calomel electrode (SCE) ma ke ʻano electrode kuhikuhi a me ke koʻokoʻo graphite e like me ka electrode counter.Ua hana ʻia nā ana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi cell electrochemical, kahi o ka hana o ka hopena i ka wahi o ka electrode hana 0.78 cm2.Ua hana ʻia nā ana ma waena o -1.0 V a +1.6 V nā mea hiki i kahi OCP i hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia (e pili ana iā OCP) ma ka helu scan o 1.0 mV/s.
Ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hoʻāʻo wela koʻikoʻi o ka electrochemical pitting ma 3.5% NaCl e loiloi i ke kūpaʻa pitting o nā welds i hana ʻia me nā electrodes E1, E2, a me C.akaka ma ka lua ana i ka PB (ma waena o ka passive a me ka transpassive aina), a welded specimens me E1, E2, Electrodes C. No laila, CPT ana i hana e hoʻoholo pololei i ka pitting hiki o welding consumables.Ua mālama ʻia ka hoʻāʻo CPT e like me ka duplex stainless steel weld reports45 a me ASTM G150-1846.Mai kēlā me kēia o nā kila e hoʻopili ʻia (S-110A, E1-110A, E2-90A), ua ʻoki ʻia nā ʻāpana me kahi ʻāpana o 1 cm2, me ke kumu, weld, a me nā wahi HAZ.Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā laʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pepa one a me ka 1 µm alumina pauka slurry e like me nā kaʻina hana hoʻomākaukau laʻana metallographic maʻamau.Ma hope o ka polishing, ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā laʻana i ka acetone no 2 min.Ua hoʻohui ʻia kahi hopena hoʻāʻo 3.5% NaCl i ka cell test CPT a ua hoʻoponopono ʻia ka mahana mua i 25 ° C me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi thermostat (Neslab RTE-111).Ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana i ka mahana hoʻāʻo mua o 25 ° C, ua puhi ʻia ke kinoea Ar no 15 min, a laila waiho ʻia nā laʻana i loko o ke kelepona, a ua ana ʻia ka OCF no 15 min.A laila ua polarized ka laʻana ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka volta o 0.3 V ma kahi mahana mua o 25 ° C, a ua ana ʻia ke ʻano no 10 min45.E hoʻomaka i ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka hopena ma ka wikiwiki o 1 °C/min a 50 °C.I ka wā o ka hoʻomehana ʻana o ka hopena hoʻāʻo, hoʻohana ʻia ka sensor wela e nānā mau i ka mahana o ka hopena a mālama i ka ʻikepili manawa a me ka mahana, a hoʻohana ʻia ka potentiostat/galvanostat e ana i kēia manawa.Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi electrode graphite e like me ka electrode counter, a ua ana ʻia nā mea hiki a pau e pili ana i ka electrode kuhikuhi Ag/AgCl.Ua hana ʻia ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe Argon i ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo.
Ma ka fig.Hōʻike ka 1 i ka haku mele (ma ka pākēneka kaumaha) o nā ʻāpana flux F1 a me F2 i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā electrodes alkaline (E1) a me ka waikawa (E2).Hoʻohana ʻia ka flux basicity index e wānana i nā waiwai mechanical a me nā metala o nā hui welded.ʻO F1 ka ʻāpana o ka flux i hoʻohana ʻia e kāhiko i nā electrodes E1, i kapa ʻia ʻo alkaline flux no ka mea ʻo kona helu kumu he > 1.2 (ʻo ia hoʻi 2.40), a ʻo F2 ka kahe i hoʻohana ʻia e uhi i nā electrodes E2, i kapa ʻia ʻo acid flux ma muli o kona ʻano kumu. index <0.9 (ie 2.40).0.40).He mea maopopo loa i ka electrodes i uhi ʻia me nā fluxes kumu i ka hapanui o nā hihia i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā waiwai mechanical ma mua o nā electrodes i uhi ʻia me nā kahe waika.ʻO kēia hiʻohiʻona kahi hana o ka mana o ka oxide kumu i loko o ka ʻōnaehana haku mele no ka electrode E1.ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka wehe ʻana o ka slag (separability) a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ʻike ʻia i nā hui i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā electrodes E2 he ʻano o nā electrodes me kahi hoʻoheheʻe acidic me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka rutile.Ua kūlike kēia ʻike me nā ʻike a Gill47 ʻo ka hopena o ka ʻike rutile i ka hiki ke wehe ʻia a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā electrodes i uhi ʻia i ka waika e kōkua i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka slag wikiwiki.Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Kaolin i loko o ka ʻōnaehana flux i hoʻohana ʻia e kāhiko i nā electrodes E1 a me E2 ma ke ʻano he lubricant, a ua hoʻomaikaʻi ka pauka talc i ka extrudability o nā electrodes.ʻO nā mea hoʻopaʻa paʻa pālolo i loko o nā ʻōnaehana flux e hāʻawi i ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka arc ignition a me ka paʻa o ka hana, a, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i kā lākou mau waiwai adhesive, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka slag i nā huahana welded.No ka mea he ʻupena ʻupena ʻo CaCO3 (slag breaker) i ke kahe a makemake e hoʻohua i ka uahi nui i ka wā wili ma muli o ka decomposition thermal i CaO a ma kahi o 44% CO2, kōkua ʻo TiO2 (ma ke ʻano he mea hana upena / slag mua) e hōʻemi i ka nui. o ka uahi i ka wā wiliwili .wiliwili a pēlā e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka detachability slag e like me ka manaʻo e Jing et al.48.ʻO ka Fluorine Flux (CaF2) he mea hoʻoheheʻe kemika e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe solder.ʻO Jastrzębska et al.Ua hōʻike ʻo 49 i ka hopena o ka haku mele fluoride o kēia haku mele i nā waiwai hoʻomaʻemaʻe weld.ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻohui ʻia ka flux i ka wahi weld e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa arc, hoʻohui i nā mea hoʻohuihui, kūkulu i ka slag, hoʻonui i ka huahana, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka wai weld 50.
ʻO nā kaha TGA-DTG i hōʻike ʻia ma Fig.Hōʻike ʻo 2a a me 2b i ʻekolu mau ʻanuʻu pohō kaumaha ma ka hoʻomehana ʻana ma ke ʻano wela o 30-1000°C i loko o kahi lewa hau.Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa ma nā Kiʻi 2a a me b no nā laʻana o ka flux kumu a me ka ʻakika, hāʻule pololei ka pihi TGA i lalo a hiki i ka like ʻana me ke axis wela, ma kahi o 866.49°C a me 849.10°C.ʻO ka poho kaumaha o 1.30% a me 0.81% i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā pihi TGA ma ke kiʻi 2a a me 2b ma muli o ka wai i hoʻomoʻa ʻia e nā ʻāpana flux, a me ka evaporation a me ka dehydration o ka wai ʻili.ʻO ka decompositions nui o nā laʻana o ka flux nui ma ka lua a me ke kolu o ka pae ma fig.Ua loaʻa ka 2a ma nā pae wela 619.45°C–766.36°C a me 766.36°C–866.49°C, a ʻo ka pākēneka o ko lākou poho kaumaha he 2.84 a me 9.48%., pakahi.ʻOiai no nā mea hoʻoheheʻe waika ma Fig. 7b, aia ma nā pae wela o 665.23°C–745.37°C a me 745.37°C–849.10°C, he 0.81 a me 6.73% ko lākou pākēneka kaumaha, ʻo ia hoʻi. hoʻoheheʻe wela.No ka mea, he anorganic nā ʻāpana flux, ua kaupalena ʻia nā volatiles i ka hui flux.No laila, weliweli ka ho'ēmi a me ka oxidation.Ua kūlike kēia me nā hopena o Balogun et al.51, Kamli et al.52 a me Adeleke et al.53.ʻO ka huina o ka pohō nui o ka hāpana flux i ʻike ʻia ma ka fig.ʻO 2a a me 2b he 13.26% a me 8.43%.Liʻiliʻi ka poho nui o nā laʻana flux ma fig.2b ma muli o nā helu heheʻe kiʻekiʻe o TiO2 a me SiO2 (1843 a me 1710 ° C i kēlā me kēia) ma ke ʻano o nā oxides nui e hana i ka hui flux54,55, ʻoiai ʻo TiO2 a me SiO2 he mau helu heheʻe haʻahaʻa.wahi hoohehee Okeokesa mua: CaCO3 (825 °C) i ka laana flux ma fig.2a56.Hōʻike maikaʻi ʻia kēia mau hoʻololi i ka helu heheʻe o nā oxides mua i nā hui flux e Shi et al.54, Ringdalen et al.55 a me Du et al.56.Ma ka nānā 'ana i ka pohō kaumaha ma ka Fig. 2a a me 2b, hiki ke ho'oholo 'ia e ho'ohehe'e 'ia nā la'ana flux i ho'ohana 'ia ma ka E1 a me E2 electrode coatings, e like me ka mana'o o Brown57.Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke ʻano wela o ke kaʻina hana mai nā pihi derivative (wt%) ma ka fig.2a a me b.No ka hiki ole i ka piko TGA ke wehewehe pono i ka wela kiko'ī kahi e hoʻololi ai ka ʻōnaehana flux a me ka crystallization, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka derivative TGA no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke kumukūʻai wela o kēlā me kēia hanana (hoʻololi pae) ma ke ʻano he kiʻekiʻe endothermic e hoʻomākaukau ai i ka ʻōnaehana flux.
TGA-DTG nā pihi e hō'ike ana i ka ho'ohehe'e wela o (a) ka'ala'ala no ka E1 electrode coating a me (b) acidic flux no ka E2 electrode coating.
Hōʻike ka papa 4 i nā hopena o ka nānā ʻana spectrophotometric a me ka nānā ʻana SEM-EDS o DSS 2205 metala kumu a me nā welds i hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā electrodes E1, E2 a me C.E1 a me E2 hōʻike i ka maʻiʻo o chromium (Cr) emi loa i 18.94 a me 17.04%, a me ka maʻiʻo o ka molybdenum (Mo) he 0.06 a me 0.08%, pakahi.ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā waiwai o nā welds me nā electrodes E1 a me E2.Ua like kēia me ka helu PREN i helu ʻia no ka pae ferritic-austenitic mai ka nānā ʻana SEM-EDS.No laila, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka lua ma ke kahua me nā koina PREN haʻahaʻa (welds mai E1 a me E2), ma ke ʻano i wehewehe ʻia ma ka Papa 4. He hōʻailona kēia o ka hoʻopau ʻana a me ka hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka alloy i ka weld.Ma hope iho, hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ʻike o ka Cr a me Mo alloying element i nā welds i hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā electrodes E1 a me E2 a me kā lākou mau haʻahaʻa pitting equivalent values ​​​​(PREN) i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 4, kahi e hana ai i kahi pilikia no ka mālama ʻana i ke kū'ē ʻana i nā wahi hoʻokūkū, ʻoi aku. i loko o ka chloride kaiapuni.-ʻo ka puni honua.ʻO ka maʻiʻo nickel (Ni) kiʻekiʻe o 11.14% a me ka palena ʻae ʻia o ka manganese i loko o nā hui welded o nā electrodes E1 a me E2 paha i loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi i nā ʻano mechanical o nā weldments i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kūlana hoʻohālikelike i ka wai kai (Fig 3). ).ua hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana a Yuan a me Oy58 a me Jing et al.48 i ka hopena o ka nickel kiʻekiʻe a me ka manganese haku mele ma ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā pono mechanical o nā hale welded DSS ma lalo o nā kūlana hana koʻikoʻi.
Nā hualoaʻa hoʻāʻo tensile no (a) UTS a me 0.2% sag YS a me (b) ʻaʻahu a me ka elongation piha a me kā lākou mau ʻokoʻa maʻamau.
ʻO nā waiwai ikaika o ka mea kumu (BM) a me nā hui welded i hana ʻia mai nā electrodes i kūkulu ʻia (E1 a me E2) a me kahi electrode i loaʻa i ke kūʻai aku (C) i loiloi ʻia i ʻelua mau ʻokoʻa wili o 90 A a me 110 A. 3 (a) a (b) hōʻike i ka UTS, YS me ka 0.2% offset, me kā lākou elongation a me ka ʻikepili hoʻololi maʻamau.ʻO ka UTS a me ka YS offset nā hopena o 0.2% i loaʻa mai Fig.3a hōʻike i nā waiwai kūpono no ka laʻana no.1 (BM), hāpana helu.3 (weld E1), hāpana no.5 (weld E2) a me ka laʻana no.6 (welded me C) he 878 a me 616 MPa, 732 a me 497 MPa , 687 a me 461 MPa a me 769 a me 549 MPa, a me ko lakou mau ano ma'amau.Mai fig.110 A) he mau laʻana i helu ʻia 1, 2, 3, 6 a me 7, me ka liʻiliʻi o nā waiwai tensile i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua o 450 MPa i ka hoʻāʻo tensile a me 620 MPa i ka hoʻāʻo tensile i manaʻo ʻia e Grocki32.ʻO ka elongation o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe me nā electrodes E1, E2 a me C, i hōʻike ʻia e nā laʻana No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. 6 a me No. e hōʻike ana i ka plasticity a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.pili i nā metala kumu.Ua wehewehe ʻia ka elongation haʻahaʻa e nā hemahema welding a i ʻole ke ʻano o ka electrode flux (Fig. 3b).Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ʻo BM duplex stainless steel a me nā hui welded me E1, E2 a me C electrodes ma ke ʻano he ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā waiwai tensile ma muli o ko lākou ʻano kiʻekiʻe nickel maʻiʻo (Pable 4), akā ua ʻike ʻia kēia waiwai i nā hui welded.Loaʻa ʻia ka E2 liʻiliʻi mai ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka waikawa o ka flux.Ua hōʻike ʻo Gunn59 i ka hopena o nā nickel alloys i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical o nā hui welded a me ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka pae kaulike a me ka māhele ʻana.Ke hōʻoia hou nei kēia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā electrodes i hana ʻia mai nā haku mele kumu i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā waiwai mechanical ma mua o nā electrodes i hana ʻia mai ka hui ʻana o ka waikawa acidic, e like me ka manaʻo o Bang et al.60.No laila, ua hāʻawi ʻia kahi haʻawina nui i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā waiwai o ka hui welded o ka electrode coated hou (E1) me nā waiwai tensile maikaʻi.
Ma ka fig.Hōʻike nā kiʻi 4a a me 4b i nā hiʻohiʻona Vickers microhardness o nā laʻana hoʻokolohua o nā hui welded o nā electrodes E1, E2 a me C. 4a hōʻike i nā hopena paʻakikī i loaʻa mai kahi kuhikuhi o ka hāpana (mai WZ a BM), a ma ka fig.Hōʻike ka 4b i nā hopena paʻakikī i loaʻa ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka hāpana.ʻO nā koina paʻakikī i loaʻa i ka wā o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā laʻana Nos. 2, 3, 4 a me 5, nā mea i hoʻohui ʻia me nā electrodes E1 a me E2, hiki ke kumu o ke ʻano coarse-grained i ka wā paʻa i nā pōʻai welding.Ua ʻike ʻia ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka paʻakikī ma ka HAZ a me ka HAZ maikaʻi o nā hōʻailona a pau Nos. 2-7 (e nānā i nā code sample ma ka Papa 2), hiki ke wehewehe ʻia e ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka microstructure o ka weld e like me ka hopena o chromium-weld samples ua waiwai i ka emissions (Cr23C6) .Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā laʻana welding ʻē aʻe 2, 3, 4 a me 5, nā waiwai paʻakikī o nā hui welded o nā laʻana No. 6 a me 7 ma Fig.4a a me 4b ma luna (Papa 2).Wahi a Mohammed et al.61 a me Nowacki a me Lukoje62, ma muli paha o ka waiwai ferrite δ kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā koina koena i loko o ka weld, a me ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā mea hoʻohuihui e like me Mo a me Cr i ka weld.ʻO nā koina paʻakikī o nā mea hoʻokolohua a pau i manaʻo ʻia ma kahi o BM e like me ke kūlike.ʻO ke ʻano o nā hopena o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka paʻakikī o nā specimens welded e kūlike me nā hopena o nā mea noiʻi ʻē aʻe61,63,64.
ʻO nā kumukūʻai paʻakikī o nā hui welded o DSS specimens (a) hapa hapa o nā specimens welded a (b) pauku piha o nā hui welded.
Ua loaʻa nā ʻāpana like ʻole i loko o ka DSS 2205 welded me nā electrodes E1, E2 a me C a ua hōʻike ʻia ka spectra XRD no ke kihi diffraction 2 \ (\ theta \) ma Fig. 5. Nā piko o austenite (\(\ gamma \) ) a me ka ferrite (\(\alpha\)) i ikeia ma na huina oki o 43° a me 44°, e hooiaio ana i ka hana weld he elua-phase 65 kila kila.e hōʻike ana ʻo DSS BM i nā austenitic (\(\gamma\)) a me ka ferritic (\(\ alpha\)) wale nō, e hōʻoia ana i nā hopena microstructural i hōʻike ʻia ma nā Kiʻi 1 a me 2. 6c, 7c a me 9c.ʻO ka ʻāpana ferritic (\(\ alpha\)) i ʻike ʻia me DSS BM a me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka weld i ka electrode C e hōʻike ana i kona kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion, no ka mea ke manaʻo nei kēia hana e hoʻonui i ke kūpaʻa corrosion o ke kila, e like me kā Davison a me Redmond66. i ʻōlelo ʻia, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea hoʻokūkū ferrite, e like me Cr a me Mo, e hoʻopaʻa pono i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive o ka mea i loko o nā kaiapuni chloride.Hōʻike ka papa 5 i ka pae ferrite-austenitic ma ka quantitative metallography.ʻO ka lakio o ka hapa leo o ka ferrite-austenitic māhele i nā hui welded o ka electrode C ua loaʻa ma kahi o (≈1: 1).ʻO ka ferrite haʻahaʻa (\(\ alpha\)) ka māhele o nā weldments me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā electrodes E1 a me E2 i nā hopena hakina leo (Papa 5) e hōʻike ana i ka hiki ke ʻike ʻia i kahi kaiapuni corrosive, i hōʻoia ʻia e ka loiloi electrochemical.hoʻopaʻa ʻia (Fig. 10a,b)), no ka mea, hāʻawi ka pae ferrite i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka pale ʻana mai ka chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking.Ua hōʻoia hou ʻia kēia e nā koina haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ʻike ʻia i nā welds o nā electrodes E1 a me E2 i ka fig.4a,b, ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ferrite i loko o ka hale kila (Papa 5).ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka austenitic (\(\gamma\)) a me ka ferritic (\(\ alpha\)) i nā ʻāpana welded me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā electrodes E2 e hōʻike ana i ka nāwaliwali maoli o ke kila a hiki i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana.ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka XPA spectra o nā ʻāpana ʻelua o nā hui welded me nā electrodes E1 a me C, me nā hopena o BM, e hōʻike pinepine i ka hele ʻana o nā mea austenitic a me ka ferritic stabilizing element, e hoʻohana pono ai ka mea i ka hana a me ka ʻoihana petrochemical. , no ka mea, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo Jimenez et al.65;Davidson & Redmond66;Shamant a me nā mea ʻē aʻe67.
ʻO nā micrographs optical o nā hui welded o nā electrodes E1 me nā geometries weld ʻokoʻa: (a) HAZ e hōʻike ana i ka laina hui, (b) HAZ e hōʻike ana i ka laina fusion ma ka hoʻonui kiʻekiʻe, (c) BM no ka pae ferritic-austenitic, (d) weld geometry , (e) Hōʻike i ka wahi hoʻololi kokoke, (f) Hōʻike ka HAZ i ka māhele ferritic-austenitic ma ka hoʻonui kiʻekiʻe, (g) Hōʻike ka ʻāpana Weld i ka pae ferritic-austenitic Tensile phase.
ʻO nā micrographs Optical o E2 electrode welds ma nā geometries weld like ʻole: (a) HAZ e hōʻike ana i ka laina hui, (b) HAZ e hōʻike ana i ka laina hui ʻana ma ka hoʻonui kiʻekiʻe, (c) BM no ka pae nui ferritic-austenitic, (d) weld geometry , (e) ) e hōʻike ana i ka ʻāpana hoʻololi ma kahi kokoke, (f) HAZ e hōʻike ana i ka pae ferritic-austenitic ma ka hoʻonui kiʻekiʻe, (g) wahi hoʻoheheʻe e hōʻike ana i ka pae ferritic-austenitic.
Nā Kiʻi 6a-c a, no ka laʻana, hōʻike i ke ʻano metallographic o nā hui DSS i hoʻohana ʻia me ka electrode E1 ma nā geometries wili like ʻole (Figure 6d), e hōʻike ana i kahi i lawe ʻia ai nā micrographs optical ma nā kiʻekiʻe like ʻole.Ma ka fig.6a, b, f - nā ʻāpana hoʻololi o nā hui welded, e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano equilibrium o ka ferrite-austenite.Hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi 7a-c a me ka laʻana i ka OM o kahi hui DSS i hoʻohana ʻia me ka electrode E2 ma nā geometries kuʻihao like ʻole (Figure 7d), e hōʻike ana i nā kiko loiloi OM ma nā kiʻekiʻe like ʻole.Ma ka fig.Hōʻike ka 7a,b,f i ka ʻāpana hoʻololi o kahi hui wili i loko o ke kaulike ferritic-austenitic.Hōʻike ʻia ʻo OM i loko o ka welding zone (WZ) ma ka fig.1 a fig.2. Welds no nā electrodes E1 a me E2 6g a me 7g, kēlā me kēia.Hōʻike ʻia ʻo OM ma BM ma nā Kiʻi 1 a me 2. Ma ka fig.6c, e a me 7c, e hoike i ka hihia o welded ami me electrodes E1 a me E2, pakahi.ʻO ka ʻāpana māmā ka pae austenite a ʻo ka wahi ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ka pae ferrite.Hōʻike ka pae kaulike ma ka ʻāpana wela (HAZ) kokoke i ka laina hui i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o Cr2N precipitates, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana i nā micrograph SEM-BSE ma Fig.8a,b a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka fig.9a,b.ʻIke ʻia ka hele ʻana o Cr2N i ka pae ferrite o nā laʻana ma Fig.8a,b a ua hooiaioia e ka SEM-EMF helu helu a me EMF laina kiʻi o welded māhele (Fig. 9a-b), ma muli o ke kiekie kuʻihao wela wela.ʻO ka holo ʻana ka wikiwiki i ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka chromium a me ka nitrogen, ʻoiai ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka weld e hoʻonui i ka diffusion coefficient o ka nitrogen.Ke kākoʻo nei kēia mau hopena i nā haʻawina a Ramirez et al.68 a me Herenyu et al.69 e hōʻike ana, me ka nānā ʻole i ka maʻiʻo nitrogen, waiho ʻia ʻo Cr2N ma luna o nā ferrite grains, nā palena palaoa, a me nā palena α/\(\gamma\), e like me ka manaʻo ʻia e. nā mea noiʻi ʻē aʻe.70.71.
(a) kahi hōʻike SEM-EMF (1, 2 a me 3) o kahi hui welded me E2;
Hōʻike ʻia ka morphology ili o nā mea hoʻohālike a me kā lākou mau EMF pili i ka Fig.10a–c.Ma ka fig.Hōʻike nā kiʻi 10a a me 10b i nā micrograph SEM a me kā lākou EMF spectra o nā hui welded me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā electrodes E1 a me E2 i ka ʻāpana kuʻi, kēlā me kēia, a ma ka fig.Hōʻike ʻo 10c i nā micrographs SEM a me EMF spectra o OM i loaʻa nā austenite (\(\gamma\)) a me ka ferrite (\(\alpha\)) me ka ʻole o ka wai.E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka spectrum EDS ma Fig. 10a, ʻo ka pākēneka o Cr (21.69 wt.%) a me Mo (2.65 wt.%) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 6.25 wt.% Ni hāʻawi i ka manaʻo o ke koena kūpono o ka pae ferrite-austenitic.ʻO Microstructure me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe o ka chromium (15.97 wt.%) a me ka molybdenum (1.06 wt.%) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka nickel (10.08 wt.%) i ka microstructure o ka hui welded o ka electrode E2, i hōʻike ʻia ma fig.1. Hoʻohālikelike.EMF spectrum 10b.ʻO ke ʻano acicular me kahi ʻano austenitic ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ʻike ʻia ma ka WZ i hōʻike ʻia ma ka fig.10b e hōʻoia i ka hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia o nā mea ferritizing (Cr a me Mo) i ka weld a me ka ua o chromium nitride (Cr2N) - ka pae austenitic.ʻO ka māhele ʻana o nā ʻāpana ua ma nā palena o ka austenitic (\(\gamma\)) a me ka ferritic (\(\alpha\)) o nā hui welded DSS e hōʻoia i kēia ʻōlelo72,73,74.ʻO kēia ka hopena o kāna hana ʻino, ʻoiai ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Cr ka mea nui no ka hana ʻana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke kūpaʻa ʻino kūloko o ke kila59,75 e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma Fig. 10b.Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka BM i ka micrograph SEM ma Fig. 10c e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe palaoa ikaika e like me kāna mau hopena spectrum EDS e hōʻike ana iā Cr (23.32 wt%), Mo (3.33 wt%) a me Ni (6.32 wt).%) waiwai kemika maikaʻi.%) ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui koʻikoʻi no ka nānā ʻana i ka microstructure equilibrium o ka pae ferrite-austenitic o ka hale DSS76.ʻO nā hopena o ka loiloi spectroscopic EMF haku mele o nā hui welded o ka electrode E1 e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i kona hoʻohana ʻana i ke kūkulu ʻana a me nā wahi ʻino iki, no ka mea, ʻo nā mea hana austenite a me nā stabilizer ferrite i ka microstructure e hoʻokō me ka DSS AISI 220541.72 maʻamau no nā hui welded, 77.
SEM micrographs o welded ami, kahi (a) electrode E1 o ka welding wahi he EMF spectrum, (b) electrode E2 o ka welding wahi he EMF spectrum, (c) OM he EMF spectrum.
I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā welds DSS i kahi mode ferritic (F-mode), me ka nuclei austenite nucleating ma lalo o ka ferritic solvus wela, ka mea nui i hilinaʻi ʻia ma ka chromium a nickel equivalent ratio (Creq/Nieq) (> ʻO 1.95 ka mode F) Ua ʻike kekahi poʻe noiʻi i kēia hopena o ke kila ma muli o ka hiki ke hoʻopuehu ikaika o Cr a me Mo ma ke ʻano he ferrite-forming element i ka ferrite phase8078,79.He mea maopopo loa i ka DSS 2205 BM ka nui o Cr a me Mo (e hōʻike ana i ka Creq kiʻekiʻe), akā he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa Ni ma mua o ka weld me nā electrodes E1, E2 a me C, e hāʻawi ana i kahi kiʻekiʻe Creq / Nieq ratio.ʻIke ʻia kēia ma ka haʻawina o kēia manawa, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Papa 4, kahi i hoʻoholo ʻia ai ka ratio Creq/Nieq no DSS 2205 BM ma luna o 1.95.Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ua paʻakikī nā welds me nā electrodes E1, E2 a me C i ke ʻano austenitic-ferritic mode (AF mode), austenitic mode (A mode) a me ferritic-austenitic mode, kēlā me kēia, ma muli o ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ka mode bulk (mode FA). .), e like me ka mea i hoikeia ma ka Papa 4, ua emi iho ka mea o Ni, Cr a me Mo i ka weld, e hoike ana he haahaa ka ratio Creq/Nieq mamua o ko BM.ʻO ka ferrite mua ma ka E2 electrode welds he vermicular ferrite morphology a ʻo ka helu Creq/Nieq i hoʻoholo ʻia he 1.20 e like me ka wehewehe ʻana ma ka Papa 4.
Ma ka fig.Hōʻike ka 11a i ka Open Circuit Potential (OCP) me ka manawa no kahi hale kila AISI DSS 2205 ma 3.5% NaCl solution.Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o ka pihi ORP i kahi kūpono ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive ma ka ʻili o ka hāpana metala, ʻo kahi hāʻule o ka mea hiki ke hōʻike i ka ʻino nui, a ʻo ka hiki ke hoʻomau mau i ka manawa e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni paʻa i ka manawa., He kūpa'a ka ili o ka hāpana a he Sticky 77. Hō'ike nā pō'ai i nā substrate ho'okolohua ma lalo o nā kūlana pa'a no nā la'ana a pau i loko o ka electrolyte i loa'a i ka solution 3.5% NaCl, koe ka hāpana 7 (weld joint with C-electrode). e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa liʻiliʻi.Hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia paʻa ʻole me ka hiki ʻana o nā ion chloride (Cl-) i loko o ka hopena, hiki ke hoʻoikaika nui i ka hopena corrosion, a laila e hoʻonui ai i ka degere o ka corrosion.ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka nānā ʻana i ka OCP me ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻohana ʻia i hōʻike ʻia e hiki i ka Cl i ka hopena ke hoʻopilikia i ke kūpaʻa a me ke kūpaʻa thermodynamic o nā laʻana i nā kaiapuni ʻino.Ma et al.81 and Lotho et al.Ua hōʻoia ʻo 5 i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana he kuleana ko Cl- i ka wikiwiki ʻana i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive ma luna o nā substrates, a laila e hāʻawi i ka ʻaʻahu hou.
Electrochemical analysis of the study samples: (a) evolution of the RSD ma muli o ka manawa a (b) potentiodynamic polarization of the samples in 3.5% NaCl solution.
Ma ka fig.11b hōʻike i ka hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike o ka potentiodynamic polarization curves (PPC) o welded ami o electrodes E1, E2 a me C ma lalo o ka mana o ka 3.5% NaCl solution.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea hoʻohālike BM i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma PPC a me 3.5% NaCl solution i ka hana passive.Hōʻike ka papa 5 i nā ʻāpana hoʻohālikelike electrochemical o nā laʻana i loaʻa mai nā ʻāpana PPC, e like me Ecorr (poipili ʻino) a me Epit (pitting corrosion potential) a me kā lākou mau ʻokoʻa pili.Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā laʻana ʻē aʻe No. 2 a me No. 5, i hoʻopili ʻia me nā electrodes E1 a me E2, nā laʻana No. 1 a me No. 7 (BM a me nā hui welded me ka electrode C) hōʻike i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe no ka pitting corrosion i ka hopena NaCl (Fig. 11b. ).ʻO nā waiwai passivating kiʻekiʻe o ka mea mua i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka hope ma muli o ke koena o ka microstructural composition o ke kila (austenitic a me ferritic phases) a me ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea alloying.Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻāpana ferrite a me austenitic i ka microstructure, Resendea et al.Ua kākoʻo ʻo 82 i ka ʻano passive o DSS i ka media hoʻopaʻapaʻa.ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā laʻana i hoʻopili ʻia me nā electrodes E1 a me E2 hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia me ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā mea hoʻohuihui nui, e like me Cr a me Mo, i loko o ka welding zone (WZ), no ka mea e hoʻokūpaʻa lākou i ka pae ferrite (Cr a me Mo), e hana like. passivators Alloys i loko o ka austenitic māhele o oxidized kila.ʻOi aku ka hopena o kēia mau mea i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lua ma ka pae austenitic ma mua o ka pae ferritic.No kēia kumu, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka pae ferritic ma mua o ka māhele austenitic e pili ana me ka ʻāpana passivation mua o ka pihi polarization.He hopena koʻikoʻi kēia mau mea i ka DSS pitting resistance ma muli o ko lākou kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ke kūpaʻa pitting i ka pae austenitic i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka pae ferritic.No laila, ʻo ka passivation wikiwiki o ka pae ferrite he 81% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka pae austenite.ʻOiai he hopena maikaʻi ʻole ʻo Cl- in i ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ke kiʻi kila83.No laila, e hoʻemi nui ʻia ka paʻa o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni passivating o ka hāpana84.Mai ka Papa.Hōʻike pū ʻia ʻo 6 i ka hiki ke corrosion (Ecorr) o nā hui welded me E1 electrode he ʻano liʻiliʻi i ka hopena i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hui welded me E2 electrode.Ua hōʻoia ʻia kēia e nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka paʻakikī o nā welds e hoʻohana ana i nā electrodes E1 a me E2 i ka fig.4a,b, no ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ferrite (Papa 5) a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka chromium a me ka molybdenum (Papa 4) i loko o ka hale kila.Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia e piʻi aʻe ke kūpaʻa ʻino o nā kila i loko o ke kaiapuni moana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka emi ʻana o ke au kuʻi ʻana a me ka emi ʻana me ka haʻahaʻa Cr a me Mo a me ka haʻahaʻa ferrite haʻahaʻa.Ua kūlike kēia ʻōlelo me kahi noiʻi a Salim et al.85 e pili ana i ka hopena o nā ʻāpana wili e like me ke au kuʻi ʻana i ka pono o ka corrosion o nā kila welded.I ke komo ʻana o ka chloride i ke kila ma o nā ʻano like ʻole e like me ka capillary absorption and diffusion, hana ʻia nā lua (pitting corrosion) o ke ʻano like ʻole a me ka hohonu.ʻOkoʻa loa ka mīkini i nā ʻano pH kiʻekiʻe kahi e huki wale ʻia ai nā pūʻulu a puni (OH-) i ka ʻili kila, hoʻopaʻa i ke kiʻi passive a hāʻawi i ka pale hou aku i ka ʻili kila25,86.ʻO ke kūpaʻa corrosion maikaʻi loa o nā laʻana No. 1 a me No. 7 ka mea nui ma muli o ke kū ʻana i ka hale kila o ka nui o ka δ-ferrite (Papa 5) a me ka nui o Cr a me Mo (Papa 4), mai ka ʻO ka pae o ka pitting corrosion ka mea nui i ke kila, i hoʻopili ʻia e ke ʻano DSS, i ke ʻano austenitic-phase o nā ʻāpana.No laila, he mea koʻikoʻi ka hana kemika o ka huila i ka hana corrosion o ka hui welded87,88.Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia nā mea hoʻohālike i hoʻohana ʻia me nā electrodes E1 a me C i kēia haʻawina e hōʻike ana i nā waiwai Ecorr haʻahaʻa mai nā pihi PPC ma mua o nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia me ka electrode E2 mai nā pihi OCP (Papa 5).No laila, hoʻomaka ka ʻāpana anode ma kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.ʻO kēia hoʻololi ka mea nui ma muli o ka stabilization hapa o ka papa passivation i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka ʻili o ka hāpana a me ka polarization cathodic e kū nei ma mua o ka hoʻokō piha ʻana o OCP89.Ma ka fig.Hōʻike ʻo 12a a me b i nā kiʻi profiler optical 3D o nā mea hoʻokolohua i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana wili like ʻole.Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka pitting corrosion nui o nā specimens me ka lua haʻahaʻa i hoʻokumu ʻia e ke kiʻekiʻe kuʻihao o 110 A (Fig. 12b), e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka nui o ka pōʻino lua i loaʻa no nā welds me kahi lākiō kuʻi haʻahaʻa o kēia manawa. 90 A. (Fig. 12a).Ua hōʻoia kēia i ka ʻōlelo a Mohammed90 ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā kaula paheʻe ma ka ʻili o ka hāpana e hoʻopau i ke kiʻi passivation o ka ʻili ma ka wehe ʻana i ka substrate i kahi solution 3.5% NaCl i hoʻomaka ai ka chloride e hoʻouka, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka mea.
Hōʻike ka hōʻike SEM-EDS ma ka Papa 4 e ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā waiwai PREN o kēlā me kēia austenitic ma mua o ka ferrite i nā welds a me BM.ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pitting ma ka ferrite/austenite interface e hoʻolalelale i ka luku ʻana i ka papa mea passive ma muli o ka inhomogeneity a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā mea e kū nei ma kēia mau wahi91.'A'ole e like me ka austenitic phase, kahi i 'oi aku ka nui o ka pitting resistance equivalent (PRE), no ka ha'aha'a PRE ka ho'omaka 'ana o ka lua ma ka pae ferritic.Me he mea lā aia i loko o ka māhele austenite ka nui o ka austenite stabilizer (nitrogen solubility), e hāʻawi ana i ka manaʻo kiʻekiʻe o kēia mea a, no laila, ʻoi aku ke kūʻē i ka pitting92.
Ma ka fig.Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 13 i nā pihi wela lua koʻikoʻi no nā welds E1, E2, a me C.Ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka nui o kēia manawa i 100 µA/cm2 ma muli o ka pitting i ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ASTM, ua akaka ʻo ka weld @110A me E1 i hōʻike i kahi wela koʻikoʻi pitting haʻahaʻa o 27.5 ° C a ukali ʻia e E2 @ 90A soldering hōʻike i kahi CPT o 40. °C, a ma ka hihia o C@110A ka CPT kiekie loa he 41°C.Ua ʻae maikaʻi nā hopena i ʻike ʻia me nā hopena i ʻike ʻia o nā hoʻokolohua polarization.
Ua noiʻi ʻia nā waiwai mechanical a me ka corrosion o nā welds stainless steel duplex me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā electrodes E1 a me E2 hou.ʻO ka electrode alkaline (E1) a me ka electrode acidic (E2) i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kaʻina SMAW ua hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia me kahi hui flux me ka ratio uhi holoʻokoʻa o 1.7 mm a me kahi helu alkaline o 2.40 a me 0.40.Ua loiloi ʻia ke kūpaʻa wela o nā fluxes i hoʻomākaukau ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā TGA ma kahi ʻano inert.ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi maʻiʻo kiʻekiʻe o TiO2 (%) i loko o ka flux matrix i hoʻomaikaʻi i ka wehe ʻana o ka pala o nā weldments no nā electrodes i uhi ʻia me ka acidic flux (E2) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā electrodes i uhi ʻia me ka flux kumu (E1).ʻOiai ʻo nā electrodes ʻelua i uhi ʻia (E1 a me E2) he mākaukau hoʻomaka maikaʻi.ʻO nā kūlana welding, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka wela, ka wili ʻana a me ka wikiwiki, he hana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻokō ʻana i ke koena austenite/ferrite phase o nā welds DSS 2205 a me nā waiwai mechanical maikaʻi o ka weld.ʻO nā hui i hoʻopili ʻia me ka electrode E1 i hōʻike i nā waiwai tensile maikaʻi loa (shear 0.2% YS = 497 MPa a me UTS = 732 MPa), e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i nā electrodes i uhi ʻia i ka flux kumu he papa kuhikuhi kumu kiʻekiʻe i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā electrodes i uhi ʻia i ka waika.Hōʻike nā electrodes i nā waiwai mechanical maikaʻi me ka haʻahaʻa alkalinity.ʻIke ʻia i loko o nā hui welded o nā electrodes me kahi uhi hou (E1 a me E2) ʻaʻohe equilibrium o ka pae ferrite-austenitic, i hōʻike ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka loiloi OES a me SEM-EDS o ka weld a helu ʻia e ka hapa leo i loko. ka weld.Ua hōʻoia ʻo Metallography i kā lākou noiʻi SEM.microstructures.ʻO kēia ma muli o ka pau ʻana o nā mea alloying e like me Cr a me Mo a me ka hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia o Cr2N i ka wā welding, i hōʻoia ʻia e ka nānā ʻana i ka laina EDS.Kākoʻo ʻia kēia e nā koina haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ʻike ʻia i nā welds me nā electrodes E1 a me E2 ma muli o kā lākou haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā mea ferrite a me nā mea hoʻohui i ka hale kila.ʻO ka Evidence Corrosion Potential (Ecorr) o nā welds me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka electrode E1 i hōʻike ʻia he emi iki ke kū ʻana i ka corrosion hoʻonā i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā welds e hoʻohana ana i ka electrode E2.Hōʻoia kēia i ka maikaʻi o nā electrodes hou i hoʻomohala ʻia i nā welds i hoʻāʻo ʻia ma 3.5% NaCl environment me ka ʻole o ka hui ʻana o ka hui ʻana.Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia e piʻi aʻe ka pale ʻana o ka corrosion i loko o ke kaiapuni moana simulated me ka emi ʻana o ke au kuʻi.No laila, ua wehewehe ʻia ka ua o ka carbide a me nā nitrides a me ka emi ʻana o ke kūpaʻa corrosion o nā hui welded me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā electrodes E1 a me E2 e ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o kēia manawa, i alakaʻi ʻia i kahi imbalance i ka pae kaulike o nā hui welded mai nā mea kila ʻelua.
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